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Mesoamerican civilizations were a group of ancient cultures that inhabited Central and South America, including parts of modern-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. The Mesoamerican civilization is known for its advanced and sophisticated cultures, which developed complex systems of writing, art, architecture, and science. The Mesoamerican civilization is generally considered to have begun around 2500 BC and to have reached its peak between AD 600 and AD 900. The Mesoamerican civilization is known for its impressive achievements, including the development of the Maya and Aztec cultures, which are among the most well-known of the ancient Mesoamerican cultures. Aboriginal American Indian cultures that evolved in Mesoamerica (part of Mexico and Central America) and the Andean region (western South America) prior to Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th century. The pre-Columbian civilizations were extraordinary developments in human society and culture, ranking with the early civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China. Like the ancient civilizations of the Old World, those in the New World were characterized by kingdoms and empires, great monuments and cities, and refinements in the arts, metallurgy, and writing; the ancient civilizations of the Americas also display in their histories similar cyclical patterns of growth and decline, unity and disunity.

The Olmecs were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization that flourished between 1500 BCE and 400 BCE in what is now modern-day Mexico. They are considered one of the earliest complex societies in the region and are often referred to as the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica. The Olmecs are best known for their distinctive art style, particularly their colossal stone heads, which depict powerful individuals with unique facial features and headdresses. They also had a sophisticated society with complex religious beliefs, monumental architecture, and an advanced understanding of agriculture. Despite their significant influence on later Mesoamerican cultures such as the Maya and the Aztecs, much about the Olmecs remains shrouded in mystery, including their language and the details of their political structure.