Trade

Porträtt av handlare Axel Karlsson. Bördig från Åtvidaberg kom han till Linköping 1874 för en anställning vid firma Andersson & Beckman. Snart blev han dock egen och 1886 kunde han köpa den så kallade Holmbergs More

Anweisung an alle Kaufleute, die Mehl im Detail verscheißen, Tafeln mit den Mehlmischungen und Preisen im Geschäftslokal anzubringen – „Das Muster der Tafel ist im Registriramt der Polizei ersichtlich“ – Pancso More

Teil 1: Verkauf von Brot nur als Laib oder Wecken von mind. 280 Gramm oder als Vielfaches von 70 Gramm und in vier Abschnitte teilbar – Angabe von Preisen nach Gramm Teil 2: Regelung des Verbrauchs – Ausgabe ab More

Um die Ausbreitung der Cholera zu verhindern werden demnächst Merkblätter mit Verhaltungsmaßregeln an die Bevölkerung vertreilt - Betrieb von Gewerben, die Cholera verbreiten könnten, werden eingestellt - Verbo More

Einschränkung des Alkoholmissbrauchs – Beschränkung der Öffnungszeiten und der Ausschankzeiten von gebrannten geistigen Getränken – Auflistung der Personen, an welche kein Alkohol ausgeschenkt werden darf – Mög More

Gruppeportrett av familie på fem med fire generasjoner Public domain photograph of family, studio group portrait, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

1. Teil, Verordnung: An Getreidebesitzer, landwirtschaftliche Selbstversorger und Müller - Zeitpunkt des Dreschens – Regelung der Getreidevermahlungsausweise, Mahlscheine oder Mahlzettel, des Ausfüllens und Vor More

Angebot und Nachfrage für arbeitslose Handwerker und gewerbliche Arbeiter in der Bukowina werden im Stadtmagistrat veröffentlicht - Anmeldungen sind bei der Bezirks-Arbeitsnachweisstelle möglich - Czernowitz, a More

This untitled illustration by cartoonist Clifford Berryman, which appeared in the Washington Evening Star on September 4, 1915, depicts the condition of trade relations with the countries of South America. Due More

This untitled illustration by cartoonist Clifford Berryman, which appeared in the Washington Evening Star on October 22, 1915, focuses on the problems that the lack of a sizeable merchant fleet was causing the More

Porcellanite is a hard, dense rock that resembles unglazed porcelain. Found during Fort Union’s archeological excavations, this side-notched projectile point may have been made, or knapped, between 1,500 BP and 200 BP.

1. Teil, Ministerialverordnung: Gewicht und Preis für den Verkauf von Fett- oder Fleischschweinen – Verkauf von Waren aus Schweinefleisch – Kompetenzbereiche der Bezirksbehörde - Strafbestimmungen 2. Teil, Vero More

J215128 U.S. Copyright Office Copyright deposit; Robert A. Denison; April 21, 1916.

Archeologists identified seven different types, or patterns, of Native American bone dice. Two of these seven, including the one pictured here, had never before been encountered by archeologists. A first-ever-o More

Soon, American Indians would begin to make their own metal points out of scrap metal such as worn out kettles. This iron point is triangular in shape with a serrated tang. The tang is the projection from the ba More

In American Indian societies, women typically made clothing from deer, elk, and other animal hides. To stich hides together, they would use buffalo and other sinew like thread. Most needles could not puncture t More

American Indian and Métis women used scissors to cut leather for moccasins, plus fabric for shirts, trousers, and coats. The Métis are the children of the Euro-American fur traders and their American Indian wives.

Metal awls like this one were brought to America by Europeans, who had been using them since the Iron Age. In the Western Hemisphere, American Indians had also used awls to puncture holes into tough animal hide More

The Lynch Quarry Site in central western North Dakota was a major quarrying site for Knife River flint. A highly prized lithic, Knife River flint was knapped into projectile points like this one, a corner-notch More

Twenty-six .50 caliber lead ball reproductions. During the fur trade, lead balls like these would have been used in smoothbore muskets such as the Northwest trade gun. The Northwest trade gun was specifically m More

This 3.2 oz. molded metal ball is another example of grapeshot unearthed during the Fort Union excavations. As with FOUS 151, it may have been made for use in a swivel gun. Such guns might have been mounted on More

Five lead, .50 caliber musket balls for a muzzle-loading gun. Like FOUS 181, 1023, and 1450, these balls were probably used in a musket such as the Northwest Trade gun. Inventories, letters, and orders indicate More

Soon, American Indians would begin to make their own metal points out of scrap metal such as worn out kettles. This iron point is triangular in shape with a serrated tang. The tang is the projection from the ba More

For American Indian men, the bow and arrow was an essential tool. Even with the introduction of the gun, American Indians continued to utilize this powerful weapon well into the last half of the 19th century. T More

Factory-made metal arrowheads were first introduced to American Indians by Europeans. Their adoption helped the bow and arrow remain a popular hunting technology among the Plains peoples up until the second hal More

This copper projectile point was found during Fort Union’s 1988 archeological excavations. Notice anything unusual? The green coloring you see is not a decorative element but rather copper carbonate, the presen More

Metal offset awls like this one were commonly used when working hides. What was it used for? To punch holes into thick leather so it could be sewn together with animal tendon, called sinew that was taken from t More

Iron projectile points such as this one could have been forged on site by the Fort Union’s blacksmith. What metal might the blacksmith have used? The hoops around barrels containing trade goods shipped upriver More

This .60 caliber lead ball was probably used in a muzzle-loading gun. Muzzle-loading guns like smoothbore muskets are loaded by pouring and ramming a measure of powder and a ball down a gun’s barrel. How did a More

Repurposing metal objects into new and useful items was a common practice among the different Northern Plains tribes that traded at Fort Union. This metal kettle bottom appears to have a section of it cut out a More

Although Knife River flint and other stone arrowheads could be sharper than metal points, they could break on impact. If damaged during use, metal points like this one made of brass, could be reworked and sharpened.

A bone dice made and used largely by Blackfoot women, who carved the dice from the fragments of rib bones. As with Euro-American dice, these were held in the hand and thrown. Unlike Euro-American dice, however, More

This 3.2 oz. molded metal ball is another example of grapeshot unearthed during the Fort Union excavations. As with FOUS 151, it may have been made for use in a swivel gun. Such guns might have been mounted on More

Before Europeans arrived in the Americas, Swan River Chert, was one type of lithic material that American Indian peoples knapped into projectile points. Found in glacial till, the small rocks left behind when g More

Two .54 caliber lead balls. These balls were probably used in a musket such as the Northwest Trade gun. During the time of the fur trade, these smoothbore trade guns were among the most common firearms that Ame More

Iron projectile points such as this one could have been forged on site by the Fort Union’s blacksmith. What metal might the blacksmith have used? The hoops around barrels containing trade goods shipped upriver More

Because it had been neglected since Lewis and Clark’s mention in 1805, Audubon named the bird Sturnella neglecta, or Missouri Meadow-Lark. Although Audubon’s Latin name remains the bird’s official scientific no More

Three lead musket balls of different calibers: .32, .38,and .41. How does one know which is which? Caliber refers to both the diameter of the ball and a gun’s barrel. The larger the ball, the larger its caliber More

Access to metal scissors saved time while cutting and sewing together fabric to make clothing. How so? Before metal scissors, people would use knifes made of sharpened rock such as Knife River Flint. Locating t More

Metal projectile points like this one, that archeologists unearthed at Fort Union, were introduced to American Indians during the fur trade. It’s triangular shape and rectangular stem, called a tang, are simila More

This triangular-shaped point with a plain tang is made of brass. Along with a source of metal, American Indians would need only a few Euro-American tools – a file, cold chisel, and a hacksaw, for instance – to More

Three lead musket balls of different calibers: .32, .38,and .41. How does one know which is which? Caliber refers to both the diameter of the ball and a gun’s barrel. The larger the ball, the larger its caliber More

Baker O. Wærness i Mellomila 16 Public domain image of 19th-century Norway, historical photograph, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

This 3.2 oz. iron ball, a 1.3 caliber grapeshot, was possibly used in a swivel gun. The smallest type of cannon, a swivel gun could be mounted on a keelboat’s bow, or forward end, which in combination with the More

Betrifft Rohfette, Fettprodukte und Speiseöle – Von Erzeugern, landwirtschaftliche Betrieben, Händlern und Gewerbetreibenden – Bis 22. jeden Monats bzw. 25. September 1916 – Auflistung der zu meldenden Fettarte More

This 1.0 caliber iron ball is another example of grapeshot unearthed during the Fort Union excavations. This ball may have been manufactured for a large muzzle-loading gun.

A lamp-wound shaped glass bead. According to Lester A. Ross, author of Trade Beads from Archeological Excavations at Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site, “lamp-wound beads were manufacture by wrappin More

Flint and a fire steel from Fort Union Trading Post's museum collections (FOUS 844 and FOUS 840, respectively). To start a fire, one strikes the flint and fire steel together to create a spark above tinder fung More

Porcellanite is a hard, dense rock that resembles unglazed porcelain. Found during Fort Union’s archeological excavations, this side-notched projectile point may have been made, or knapped, between 1,500 BP and 200 BP.

Regelung der Sonn- und Feiertagsruhe im Handelsgewerbe - Betrieg von 8 bis 11 Uhr vormittags gestattet - Der k.k. Landespräsident Freiherr von Schwarz - 13. Jänner 1916, Z. 1217

One half of a bone domino found during excavations between 1968 and 1972. According to the report Homer Thiel wrote, the domino broke while it was being made at Fort Union. The second half, which was also recov More

Lewis and Clark's history of encountering the Mandan and Hidatsa, and village economy of gardening and trading.

Besides being made on site by the fort’s blacksmiths, many metal projectile points like this iron one could have been massed produced in a factory and then shipped to the different trading posts.

Twenty-six .50 caliber lead ball reproductions. During the fur trade, lead balls like these would have been used in smoothbore muskets such as the Northwest trade gun. The Northwest trade gun was specifically m More

Metal scissors were a popular trade item at Fort Union. Just like today, tailors used them to cut fabric and thread. But it wasn’t only a tailor who used them at Fort Union. American Indian and Métis women woul More

Twenty-six .50 caliber lead ball reproductions. During the fur trade, lead balls like these would have been used in smoothbore muskets such as the Northwest trade gun. The Northwest trade gun was specifically m More

Abzuliefernde Geräte aus Kupfer, Kupferlegierungen und Nickel – Ablieferungspflichtige – Umfang der Ablieferung – Befreite Gegenstände – Informationen zur Ablieferung – Sonderbestimmungen für kupferne Kessel – More

Besides being made on site by the fort’s blacksmiths, many metal projectile points like this iron one could have been massed produced in a factory and then shipped to the different trading posts.

The Lynch Quarry Site in central western North Dakota was a major quarrying site for Knife River flint. A highly prized lithic, Knife River flint was knapped into projectile points like this one, a corner-notch More

Three lead musket balls of different calibers: .32, .38,and .41. How does one know which is which? Caliber refers to both the diameter of the ball and a gun’s barrel. The larger the ball, the larger its caliber More

Although Euro-American women typically used brass thimbles like this one to protect their fingertips while sewing, American Indians acquired them for another, unrelated purpose, as a decorative element for clot More

Bis 23. Oktober Anzeige des Ergebnisses der Kartoffelernte mittels Anmeldeblatt – Anbau in Gärten nicht betroffen, lediglich Feldanbau – Abtransport von Kartoffeln außerhalb der Gemeindegrenzen anzumelden – Reg More

This 1.0 caliber iron ball is another example of grapeshot unearthed during the Fort Union excavations. This ball may have been manufactured for a large muzzle-loading gun.

"Huyhuy” is the Chinuk Wawa word for “to trade.” Pronounce this word with a short “u” sound, as in the English word “put.” An important function of the Chinuk Wawa language was to facilitate trade among Northw More

This corner-notched projectile point is made from silicified, or petrified, wood. Silicified wood is created when silica, a mineral, is dissolved in water that is then absorbed by and replaces wood’s cellular s More

Half of a flat, rectangular bone gaming domino. Both faces on the domino are blank with a centered-drilled hole at the broken edge, as if intended for secondary use. This piece connects with FOUS 24642, which i More

Format: Photograph...Find more detailed information about this photographic collection: 53463 ( http://53463 ) ...Search for more great images in the State Library's collections: ( http:// ) ...From the collec More

Greenish-Blue, ellipsoidal, furnace-wound and shaped bead with inlaid complex twisted spiral stripe. According to Lester A. Ross, author of Trade Beads from Archeological Excavations at Fort Union Trading Post More

Very light brownish-yellow, furnace wound and shaped glass bead. According to Lester A. Ross, author of Trade Beads from Archeological Excavations at Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site, “a furnace-w More

Before Europeans provided access to metal needles as trade items, American Indians made their own needles out of splinters of sharpened bone. This is one that archeologists discovered during their 1986 Fort Uni More

1. Teil: Ministerialverordnung: Fleischverzehr auf 5 Tage die Woche beschränkt – Ausnahmen – Regelung für Gaststätten und Ähnliches – Gewicht der verabreichten Waren – Verbot der Verabreichung warmer Speisen au More

Euro-American playing dice discovered at Fort Union during the excavation of the “Indians and Artisans House.” This die was machine-cut from a very large mammal bone.

Five lead, .50 caliber musket balls for a muzzle-loading gun. Like FOUS 181, 1023, and 1450, these balls were probably used in a musket such as the Northwest Trade gun. Inventories, letters, and orders indicate More

Female studio photograph portrait. Gustav Borgen (10 June 1865 – 16 August 1926) was a Norwegian photographer. He is well known for his portraits of prominent Norwegians from the period 1891–1922. His collectio More

This side-notched Plains projectile point may have been made sometime between 1,500 BP and 200 BP. If made by an experienced flint-knapper, the point could have been made in as little as twenty minutes!

Many different muskets were available during the time of the fur trade, but the Northwest Trade gun was by far the most popular among the various American Indian tribes that traded at Fort Union. Serpent sidepl More

When cutting ice from the frozen Missouri River, the men may have used an ice saw (FOUS 735) similar to the one shown here. This ice saw can also be seen on display in the Fort Union Trading Post NHS museum exh More

Betrifft Vorräte an Rohfette, Fetterzeugnisse und Speiseöle von Erzeugern, Landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben, Händlern und Gewerbetreibenden – Meldung der Vorräte erstmals am 20. September, danach monatlich schrif More

Knife River flint, quarried in North Dakota has been found across North America. Why? Because skilled arrowhead-makers could predict how the flint would fracture when struck or knapped. This Knife River flint o More

This 3.2 oz. iron ball, a 1.3 caliber grapeshot, was possibly used in a swivel gun. The smallest type of cannon, a swivel gun could be mounted on a keelboat’s bow, or forward end, which in combination with the More

This .60 caliber lead ball was probably used in a muzzle-loading gun. Muzzle-loading guns like smoothbore muskets are loaded by pouring and ramming a measure of powder and a ball down a gun’s barrel. How did a More

Abzuliefernde Geräte aus Kupfer, Kupferlegierungen und Nickel – Ablieferungspflichtige – Umfang der Ablieferung und Ausnahmen – Nicht abzuliefernde Gegenstände – Ablieferung durch Erzeuger, Händler, Gast- und S More

Factory-made metal arrowheads were first introduced to American Indians by Europeans. Their adoption helped the bow and arrow remain a popular hunting technology among the Plains peoples up until the second hal More

A hand-wrought, rectangular axe head (FOUS 508).

For American Indian men, the bow and arrow was an essential tool. Even with the introduction of the gun, American Indians continued to utilize this powerful weapon well into the last half of the 19th century. T More

For American Indian men, the bow and arrow was an essential tool. Even with the introduction of the gun, American Indians continued to utilize this powerful weapon well into the last half of the 19th century. T More

Pommes blanches, or Pediomelum argophyllum, is more commonly called Indian breadroot. The plant’s energy-rich and nutritious root was harvested, as Audubon observed, and frequently ground into a flour that the More

Before metal awls became available at Fort Union, women from the Northern Plains tribes often relied on bone awls to make holes in thick animal hides. What animal bones did they use? Buffalo, deer, and elk are More

Five lead, .50 caliber musket balls for a muzzle-loading gun. Like FOUS 181, 1023, and 1450, these balls were probably used in a musket such as the Northwest Trade gun. Inventories, letters, and orders indicate More

This copper projectile point was found during Fort Union’s 1988 archeological excavations. Notice anything unusual? The green coloring you see is not a decorative element but rather copper carbonate, the presen More

This awl made from either mule or white-tailed deer bone would have been used to punch holes into different hides. American Indian women would then sew hides together with dried sinew, or tendon, the tissue tha More

Format: Photograph...Find more detailed information about this photographic collection: 53463 ( http://53463 ) ...Search for more great images in the State Library's collections: ( http:// ) ...From the collec More

Format: Photograph...Find more detailed information about this photographic collection: 53463 ( http://53463 ) ...Search for more great images in the State Library's collections: ( http:// ) ...From the collec More

Unpainted bone checker that may not be from the trading post era.

This 3.2 oz. molded metal ball is another example of grapeshot unearthed during the Fort Union excavations. As with FOUS 151, it may have been made for use in a swivel gun. Such guns might have been mounted on More

Betrifft die Ausfertigung von Bezugsscheinen und sonstige Deckung des Bedarfs an Zucker ohne Zuckerkarten – Auflistung der Bezieher von Bezugsscheinen wie Wohlfahrtsanstalten - Auflistung der Abgabestellen in W More

Once available at Upper Missouri Outfit trading posts like Fort Union, metal needles became popular trade items. American Indian and Metis, or mixed blood, women in the 1800s used metal needles much like they d More

Knife River flint, quarried in North Dakota has been found across North America. Why? Because skilled arrowhead-makers could predict how the flint would fracture when struck or knapped. This Knife River flint o More

This corner-notched projectile point is made from silicified, or petrified, wood. Silicified wood is created when silica, a mineral, is dissolved in water that is then absorbed by and replaces wood’s cellular s More

Projectile points were crafted for two uses, hunting and warfare. This particular point resembles a point made for warfare. What is the difference? This point has a rear-pointing triangular end; these barbs wou More