Handbook of field and general ornithology; a manual of the structure and classification of birds (1890) (14726978436)

Identifier: handbookoffieldg00coue (find matches)

Title: Handbook of field and general ornithology; a manual of the structure and classification of birds

Year: 1890 (1890s)

Authors: Coues, Elliott, 1842-1899

Subjects: Birds -- Collection and preservation Birds -- Classification Birds -- Anatomy

Publisher: London, Macmillan

Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History Library

Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library

Text Appearing Before Image:

, neural spine ; r, pleurapophysis, orvertebral part of a free rib, bearing v, uncinateprocess or epipleura; cr, heemapophysis orsternal part of the same ; st, section of sternumor breast-bone (hremal spine). Designed by Dr.R. W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. hole in the humerus. Pneumaticity is not directly nor necessarilyrelated to power of flight; some birds which do not fly at all aremore pneumatic than some of the most buoyant. (On the generalpneumaticity of the body see beyond, under head of the RespiratorySystem.) The Axial Skeleton (Figs. 54, 55, 56) of a bird or any vertebratedanimal, that is, one having a back-bone, exhibits in cross-section tworings or hoops, one above and the other below a central point, likethe upper and lower loops of a figure 8. The upper ring is theneural arch (Gr. vevpov, neuron, a nerve), so called because such a ANATOMY OF BIRDS cylinder encloses a section of the cerebro-spinal axis, or principalnervous system of a vertebrate (brain and spinal cord, whence arise

Text Appearing After Image:

all the nerves of the body, excepting those of the sympatheticnervous system). The lower ring is the hcemal arch (Gr. af/xa^ halma, GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY blood), which similarly contains a section of the principal blood-vessels and viscera. Fig. 55 shows such a section, made across thethoracic or chest region of the trunk. Here the upper ring (neural)is contracted, only surrounding the slender spinal cord, while thelower ring is expanded to enclose the heart and lungs. Such asection, made in the region of the skull, Avould show the reverse ;the upper ring greatly inflated to contain the brain, the lower con-tracted and otherwise greatly modified into bones of the jaws. Thusthe trunk of a vertebrate is a double-barrelled tube; one tubeabove for the axial nervous system, the other below for the visceraat large ; the partition between the two being a jointed chain ofsolid bones from one end of the body to the other. These solidbones are the centrums or bodies of vertebra, in the trunk; and

1890 books elliott coues book illustrations ornithology birds zoological illustration natural history zoology american museum of natural history flight animal locomotion pneumatics engineering history of technology images from internet archive

1890

American Museum of Natural History Library

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