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KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - A crack formed on a piece of insulation on a strut that attaches the liquid oxygen feedline to External Tank-119, being used to launch space shuttle mission STS-121. This piece of foam, weighing approximately 0.0057 pounds, is three inches long and one-eighth to one-quarter inch wide. It fell from the tank and was recovered by the Ice Team from the mobile launch platform at Pad 39B. It is believed that the rain experienced during yesterday’s launch attempt of Discovery caused water to run down the feedline and form ice near the strut next to the feedline bracket. As the tank warmed and expanded, the ice that formed most likely pinched the foam on the top of the strut, causing a crack and eventual loss of the small piece of foam. Photo credit: NASA KSC-06pd1384

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - A crack formed on a piece of insulation o...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - A crack formed on a piece of insulation on a strut that attaches the liquid oxygen feedline to External Tank-119, being used to launch space shuttle mission STS-121. This piece of f... More

ATOMIC OXYGEN PAINTING RESTORATION GRC-1998-C-02056

ATOMIC OXYGEN PAINTING RESTORATION GRC-1998-C-02056

ATOMIC OXYGEN PAINTING RESTORATION Public domain photograph of painting, 16th-17th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Joseph Priestley, Head and Shoulders Portrait

Joseph Priestley, Head and Shoulders Portrait

Joseph Priestley, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing right. 74323 U.S. Copyright Office.

Respiratory quotient and loss in volume of expired air.- Dr. Henry C. Chapman called attention to the fact that the so-called "respiratory quotient", and originally defined by Pflüger as the ratio of the weight of the oxygen absorbed during insp

Respiratory quotient and loss in volume of expired air.- Dr. Henry C. ...

Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML. Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 240, Folder 3.

[Scientific equipment used by Dr. Davis of Columbia University and Prof. Edwards of Trinity College in their experiment at Columbia, combining oxygen and hydrogen under the influence of radium]

[Scientific equipment used by Dr. Davis of Columbia University and Pro...

H51266 U.S. Copyright Office. Copyright by L.V. Case. Public domain photograph - New York, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Mess Management Specialist 3rd Class Latoya Black from Detroit, Mich., tightens the upper strap of her Oxygen Breathing Apparatus

Mess Management Specialist 3rd Class Latoya Black from Detroit, Mich.,...

At sea aboard USS Blue Ridge Mess Management Specialist 3rd Class Latoya Black from Detroit, Mich., tightens the upper strap of her Oxygen Breathing Apparatus (OBA) during a General Quarters training drill. U.... More

Oxygen machine (HOME 1905) - Homestead National Monument of America

Oxygen machine (HOME 1905) - Homestead National Monument of America

A oxygen machine is a device that concentrates the oxygen from a gas supply by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen-enriched product gas stream. The purified, oxygen-rich air is then delivered to t... More

Oxygen helmets in mine rescues - Glass negative photogrpah. Public domain.

Oxygen helmets in mine rescues - Glass negative photogrpah. Public dom...

Industri- och slöjdutställning 21 juni - 16 juli 1911 i Örebro.Utsällningen hölls vid Karolinska läroverket och Livregementets husarers ridhus vid Olaigatan. Bilderna är samlade i en bok med riktika fotokopior.Ordförande för programkommittén var landshövding Theodor Nordström. Fabrikör Anton Hahn fungerade som närmaste man och vice ordförande. Med i styrelsen satt även stadsarkitekten Magnus Dahlander.Nordiska syrgasverken AB, Örebro

Industri- och slöjdutställning 21 juni - 16 juli 1911 i Örebro.Utsälln...

Industri- och slöjdutställning 21 juni - 16 juli 1911 i Örebro.Utsällningen hölls vid Karolinska läroverket och Livregementets husarers ridhus vid Olaigatan. Bilderna är samlade i en bok med riktika fotokopior.... More

Monthly Progress Photo, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Acetylene Gas Pipes Alongside Building 116 (27), Looking Southwest, Yard Labor

Monthly Progress Photo, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Acetylene Gas Pipes Along...

Photographs of the Construction and Repair of Buildings, Facilities, and Vessels at the New York Navy Yard

VideoRay ROV Equipped with YSI sonde

VideoRay ROV Equipped with YSI sonde

Goals for interior investigations in 20013 were to visually characterize variations of interior corrosion and to collect environmental samples. The VideoRay was equipped with a YSI multi-parameter sonde to meas... More

Chemical Warfare Service - Plants - Edgewood Arsenal and Others - Manufacturing gases at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. Oxygen plant and holder

Chemical Warfare Service - Plants - Edgewood Arsenal and Others - Manu...

Date Taken: 6/17/1918 Photographer: Chemical Warfare Service Chemical Warfare Service - Plants - Edgewood Arsenal and Others

Chemical Warfare Service - Drills - Masks - Oxygen mask

Chemical Warfare Service - Drills - Masks - Oxygen mask

Photographer: Western Electric Company Chemical Warfare Service - Drills - Masks Public domain photograph of electric industrial equipment, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Ceremonies - Independence Day Parades (All States) - Manufacturing war materials for the government. Cylinder finishing department float of Harrisburg Pipe & Pipe Bending Co., Harrisburg, PA. Fourth of July parade, 1918. Tallest cylinders on left used by United States and French Armies as nitrogen containers for balloon service; smaller cylinders in background, as gas and liquid containers; small cylinders in foreground used in trench warfare service, to sound alarm of gas attack by enemy, a horn being applied to valve opening, and compressed air allowed to escape through horn. Red Cross Oxygen cylinders were used in all Army and Navy Hospitals

Ceremonies - Independence Day Parades (All States) - Manufacturing war...

Photographer: Harrisburg Chamber Commerce Ceremonies - Independence Day Parades (All States) Public domain photograph of military parade, army ceremony, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Nitrous Oxygen Manufacturing Plant. Interior view of Machinery. Tanks etc. are made at this plant to supply oxygen and nitrous oxyde to the Army as an anaesthetic

Nitrous Oxygen Manufacturing Plant. Interior view of Machinery. Tanks ...

Caption from negative sleeve: Nitrous manufacture. Title, date and notes from Red Cross caption card. Photographer name or source of original from caption card or negative sleeve: Capt. Steele, ARC. Paris Offic... More

Nitrous Oxygen Manufacturing plant. Interior view of Machinery. Tanks etc. are made at this plant to supply oxygen and nitrous oxyde to the Army as an anaesthetic

Nitrous Oxygen Manufacturing plant. Interior view of Machinery. Tanks ...

Title, date and notes from Red Cross caption card. Photographer name or source of original from caption card or negative sleeve: ARC. Paris Office. Group title: Hospital supplies. U.S. France. On caption card: ... More

Nitrous Oxygen Manufacturing Plant. Interior view of Machinery. Tanks etc. are made at this Plant to supply oxygen and nitrous oxyde to the Army as an anaesthetic

Nitrous Oxygen Manufacturing Plant. Interior view of Machinery. Tanks ...

Title and notes from Red Cross caption card. Date based on date of negatives in same group. Photographer name or source of original from caption card or negative sleeve: ARC. Paris Office. Group title: Hospital... More

a liquid oxygen (LOX) sample from the cryogenics plant to check for purity

a liquid oxygen (LOX) sample from the cryogenics plant to check for pu...

At sea aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt Machinist's Mate 1st Class Jim Crouse from Bel Air, Md., takes a liquid oxygen (LOX) sample from the cryogenics plant to check for purity. Roosevelt is currently operating ... More

Southern Oxygen Co., Washington, D.C.

Southern Oxygen Co., Washington, D.C.

Title and other information transcribed from caption card and item. LOT subdivision subject: Architecture in the Washington, D.C., region: Business establishments and office buildings. National Photo Company Co... More

Depth of 500 feet reached by Navy Divers in recent test of Helium-Oxygen for air supply. Washington, D.C., Aug., 8/9/38. Record dives--deep as 500 feet--have been recently made at the Navy Yard here and off the USS Falcon Submarine rescue vessel operating from Portsmouth, N.H. by divers using Navy standard diving suits and with a mixture of helium-oxygen for air supply. A depth of 500 feet was reached under simulated sea conditions in the diving tank at the Navy Yard here. Heretofore 306 feet was the greatest depth reached by divers wearing standard rubber diving suits. (1) H.H. Frye, shipfitter 1st. class, U.S.N.. taking sample for analysis from helium bottle after mixing gas with oxygen in preparation for dive in tank at Washington Navy Yard, 8/9/38

Depth of 500 feet reached by Navy Divers in recent test of Helium-Oxyg...

Public domain historical photo, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Installing oxygen flask racks above the flight deck of a C-87 transport at the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation plant, Fort Worth, Texas

Installing oxygen flask racks above the flight deck of a C-87 transpor...

Public domain photograph - historical image of Texas, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Production of B-24 bombers and C-87 transports, Consolidated Aircraft Corp., Fort Worth, Texas. Cabbie Coleman, former housewife, works at western aircraft plant. Installing of oxygen racks above the flight deck

Production of B-24 bombers and C-87 transports, Consolidated Aircraft ...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a bomber aircraft, military aviation, air forces, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Civilian defense. There's not much that is omitted in the equipment of these special gas and electrical emergency trucks. On the floor in front of the trunk are, left to right, the following items: a fitter's kit for repairing small gas leaks; a rubberized blanket for electrical work; an atmosphere testing machine; an inhalator; a Phister fire extinguisher; an air blower ; a lux fire extinguisher kit; a splicer's kit containing insulated hand tools; a fuse kit; a manhole guard rail and a rubber mat for electrical work. The worker at the left is wearing a special mask with a half-hour suplly of oxygen for use where a fresh air hose is not practical. He is also wearing rubber gloves for repair work. The man standing in the center is holding a hand operated manhole pump. The truck and its equipment were on display at Madison Square Garden, New York, as part of the huge civilian defense show held there in October

Civilian defense. There's not much that is omitted in the equipment of...

Public domain photograph of New York in 1930s, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in combat gear is all set to climb into his plane. His flying equipment includes a combined oxygen mask and throat-type microphone, headphones, parachute and Mae West life jacket

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in c...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a pilot, aviator, aircraft, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Before completion of the fourth and final welding operation in the manufacture of shatterproof oxygen cylinders for high altitude flying, all straps are subjected to physical tests to determine the strength of the weld. Occasional radiographic inspections are made to insure the quality of workmanship after the two halves of the cylinder are brought together in this atomic welding machine and made one unit. Here, the operator has just completed the union and is about to remove the whole cylinder. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Before c...

Picryl description: Public domain image of workers, labor, 1940s, economic conditions, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in combat gear climbs into his plane. His flying equipment includes a combined oxygen mask and throat-type microphone, headphones, parachute and Mae West life jacket

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in c...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a pilot, aviator, aircraft, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Nurse training. A student regulates the oxygen flow into this tiny oxygen box where a premature infant "lives"

Nurse training. A student regulates the oxygen flow into this tiny oxy...

Public domain photograph of nurses, hospital, medical care, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. After they are stamped on the huge toggle press in the metal division of a large rubber factory, these cylindrical domes which make up half of a shatterproof oxygen cylinder, are placed on a large conveyor where they are carried to workmen who will apply the circumferential and longitudinal straps. Cylinders are used for high altitude flying as a source of oxygen. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. After th...

Public domain photograph of 1930s industry, war production in the United States free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Production. B-24 bombers and C-87 transports. Cabbie Coleman, former housewife, works in a Western aircraft plant installing oxygen flask racks above the flight deck of a consolidated transport. This ship, adapted from the B-24 bomber, is known as the C-87, and carries one of the greatest human or cargo loads of any plane now in mass production.

Production. B-24 bombers and C-87 transports. Cabbie Coleman, former h...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a bomber aircraft, military aviation, air forces, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. The first step in the manufacture of high-altitude-flying shatterproof oxygen cylinders in the metal department of a large rubber factory is the forming or stamping of the shell. Stainless steel sheets are blanked or cut into discs(left foreground). Before stamping, these discs are drawn through rolls where a drawing compound is added to both sides to facilitate the forming of the shell. The 750-ton toggle press, shown above, forms a half cylinder in one powerful stroke. Once the half cylinder is formed, it is trimmed and the value-fitting hole is punched into the spherical dome. A cleaning operation later removes the drawing compound. The cylinder halves are now ready for the various welding operations. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. The firs...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a worker, labor, factory, plant, manufacture, industrial facility, 1930s, mid-20th-century industrial photo, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

One of the "Flying Sergeants" dons his oxygen apparatus for high altitude flying. Immediately over his heavy flying suit is his "Mae West" life preserver, which is easily inflated. Lake Muroc, California

One of the "Flying Sergeants" dons his oxygen apparatus for high altit...

Public domain photograph of California in 1930s, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Herbert Rudolph James, machinist, Shell Finish Department, National Tube Company, McKeesport, Pennsylvania, has been awarded a Certificate of Individual Production Merit. Mr. James is by profession a musician--organist and conductor. At his suggestion a mechanism was incorporated into the torch whereby the oxygen and acetylene mixtures could be varied to create the desired flame

Herbert Rudolph James, machinist, Shell Finish Department, National Tu...

Picryl description: Public domain image of an industrial building, factory, workshop, workers, 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Four major welding operations are essential to the manufacture of shatterproof oxygen cylinders for high altitude flying. In the first, the circumferential straps are securely welded to the cylindrical portion to prevent tearing of the metal. The process is shown above, taken in the metal division of a large Eastern rubber factory. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Four maj...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a factory worker, plant, manufacture, assembly line, industrial facility, early 20th-century industrial architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions. show less

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Removing of non-shatter-chemical solution tank at a rubber factory now producing metal essential for the Army. This bath, which follows the removal of the weld scale, gives the inside of the cylinder a further cleaning and removes all chemicals which may remain from the previous operation. A satin-like surface, absolutely sterile and free from foreign matter, is made permanent in this operation. The cylinder is now also immune to attack from corrosion and other deteriorating elements. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Removing...

Picryl description: Public domain image of workers, labor, 1940s, economic conditions, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Before completion of the fourth and final welding operation in the manufacture of shatterproof oxygen cylinders for high altitude flying, all straps are subjected to physical tests to determine the strength of the weld. Occasional radiographic inspections are made to insure the quality of workmanship and materials after the atomic welding machine has brought the two halves of the cylinder together and made into one unit. The operator, looking through a specially designed dark safety glass, rotates the shell by sight to insure a perfect and uniform union of the two halves. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Before c...

Public domain photograph - historical image of Ohio, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

A black and white photo of a man working in a factory. Office of War Information Photograph

A black and white photo of a man working in a factory. Office of War I...

Title and other information from caption card. Transfer; United States. Office of War Information. Overseas Picture Division. Washington Division; 1944. More information about the FSA/OWI Collection is availabl... More

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in combat gear is all set to climb into his plane. His flying equipment includes a combined oxygen mask and throat-type microphone, headphones, parachute and Mae West life jacket

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in c...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a pilot, aviator, aircraft, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Nurse training. Care of prematurely born babies is one of the most complicated procedures which must be learned by the student nurse. Feeding, bathing and diaper changing are carried on inside the incubator, in which temperature, humidity and oxygen must be carefully regulated. The oxygen tank can be seen in the background

Nurse training. Care of prematurely born babies is one of the most com...

Picryl description: Public domain image of workers, labor, 1940s, economic conditions, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Nurse training. As students become proficient they will relieve graduate nurses from duties such as this: tending a patient in an oxygen tent

Nurse training. As students become proficient they will relieve gradua...

Public domain photograph of nurses, hospital, medical care, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description Public domain photograph of nurses, hospital, free to use, no copyright restriction... More

A black and white photo of a person in a room. Office of War Information Photograph

A black and white photo of a person in a room. Office of War Informati...

Actual size of negative is E (approximately 2 1/4 x 2 1/4 inches). Annotation on negative. Title and other information from caption card. Transfer; United States. Office of War Information. Overseas Picture Div... More

Nurse training. As students become proficient they will relieve graduate nurses from such duties as this: tending a patient in an oxygen tent

Nurse training. As students become proficient they will relieve gradua...

Picryl description: Public domain photograph of workers, war production, aircraft, airfield, the 1930s -1940s, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

High school Victory Corps. Bill Wood helps Betty Kemp adjust an oxygen gauge in the welding class at Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. Betty is one of four girls in a class of twenty seniors who are preparing to help fill industry's need for skilled welders

High school Victory Corps. Bill Wood helps Betty Kemp adjust an oxygen...

Public domain photograph of Maryland in 1930s, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Anaconda smelter, Montana. Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Poling in the refining furnace. Wooden pole are plunged into the molten copper; there is a great evolution of gases when this is done and the excess oxygen combines with the carbon of the the wood and passes off as carbon monoxide. This refining of blister copper is based upon the fact that oxygen has a stronger affinity for the impurities in the charge that it has for copper

Anaconda smelter, Montana. Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Poling in t...

Public domain photograph - Montana Folklife collection, ethnography, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. With the outside and inside of non-shatterable oxygen cylinder for high altitude flying complete, several rigorous tests are applied to guarantee safety. Every cylinder off the production line of the metal division of a large Eastern rubber factory is hydrostatically tested at 800 pounds pressure, twice the pressure maintained in the cylinder under normal use, to test the strength of the welding. It is then given air test at 400 pounds pressure as shown above. Here, an attendant is placing a cylinder into a steel compartment filled with water before the pressure is applied. By means of a hand crank, the inspector rotates at all points. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. With the...

Picryl description: Public domain image of workers, labor, 1940s, economic conditions, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Anaconda smelter, Montana. Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Poling in the refining furnace. Wooden poles are plunged into the molten copper; there is a great evolution of gases when this is done and the excess oxygen combines with the carbon of the wood and passes off as carbon monoxide. This refining of blister copper is based upon the fact that oxygen has a stronger affinity for the impurities in the charge than it has for copper

Anaconda smelter, Montana. Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Poling in t...

Public domain photograph - Montana Folklife collection, ethnography, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. An oxygen cylinder for high altitude flying, manufactured by the metal division of a large Eastern rubber factory is completed, and after having passed all tests, it is placed on the huge stack ready for shipment to the U.S. Army. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. An oxyge...

Public domain photograph of manufacturing, industry, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. After the circumferential straps are welded to the cylindrical portion, in the metal division of a large Eastern rubber factory, rough edges and accumulated weld scale are removed by a skilled workman. The twin rotary brushes, shown above, do their work on the inside and outside of the cylinder in the same operation. This process is required in the manufacture of shatterproof oxygen cylinders for high altitude flying. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. After th...

Picryl description: Public domain image of an industrial building, factory, workshop, workers, 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. After they are stamped on the huge toggle press in the metal division of a large rubber factory, these cylindrical domes which make up half of a shatterproof oxygen cylinder, are placed on a large conveyor where they are carried to workmen who will apply the circumferential and longitudinal straps. Cylinders are used for high altitude flying as a source of oxygen. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. After th...

Actual size of negative is C (approximately 4 x 5 inches). Title and other information from caption card. Transfer; United States. Office of War Information. Overseas Picture Division. Washington Division; 1944... More

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in combat gear is all set to climb into his plane. His flying equipment includes a combined oxygen mask and throat-type microphone, headphones, parachute and Mae West life jacket

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in c...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a pilot, aviator, aircraft, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in combat gear is all set to climb into his plane. His flying equipment includes a combined oxygen mask and throat-type microphone, headphones, parachute and Mae West life jacket

Mitchell Field. Eagle ready for battle. An American pursuit pilot in c...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a pilot, aviator, aircraft, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Once the two-half cylinders are joined together into a complete shatterproof high altitude flying oxygen cylinder on the production line of a huge rubber factory now producing metal essential for the Army, all traces of inside weld scale must be removed to prevent contamination of oxygen. In this process, a special chemical solution is drawn through the cylinder at controlled temperature and all foreign matter is removed. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. Once the...

Picryl description: Public domain image of people, meeting, eating, drinking, food, beverage, 1930s, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Anaconda smelter, Montana. Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Poling in the refining furnace. Wooden poles are plunged into the molten copper; there is a great evolution of gases when this is done and the excess oxygen combines with the carbon of the wood and passes off as carbon monixide. This refining of blister has a stronger affinity for the impurities in the charge than it has for copper

Anaconda smelter, Montana. Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Poling in t...

Public domain photograph - Montana Folklife collection, ethnography, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. The huge press which formed the beverage containers shells pictured here has since been converted to produce oxygen cylinders, required by the U.S. Army for high altitude flying. The conversion was accomplished by substituting new dies. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. The huge...

Picryl description: Public domain image of a factory, plant, manufacture, assembly line, industrial facility, early 20th-century industrial architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. The first step in the manufacture of high-altitude-flying shatterproof oxygen cylinders in the metal department of a large rubber factory is the forming or stamping of the shell. Stainless steel sheets are blanked or cut into discs(left foreground). Before stamping, these discs are drawn through rolls where a drawing compound is added to both sides to facilitate the forming of the shell. The 750-ton toggle press, shown above, forms a half cylinder in one powerful stroke. Once the half cylinder is formed, it is trimmed and the value-fitting hole is punched into the spherical dome. A cleaning operation later removes the drawing compound. The cylinder halves are now ready for the various welding operations. Firestone, Akron, Ohio

Conversion. Beverage containers to aviation oxygen cylinders. The firs...

Picryl description: Public domain image of an industrial building, factory, workshop, workers, 19th-20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.

A black and white photo of a man working in a factory. Office of War Information Photograph

A black and white photo of a man working in a factory. Office of War I...

Actual size of negative is C (approximately 4 x 5 inches). Title and other information from caption card. Transfer; United States. Office of War Information. Overseas Picture Division. Washington Division; 1944... More

A black and white photo of a man working in a factory. Office of War Information Photograph

A black and white photo of a man working in a factory. Office of War I...

Public domain photograph - United States during the 1930s and 1940s, Farm Security Administration, New Deal, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

New Britain, Connecticut. Men employed at the Landers, Frary and Clark plant. Working in the core ovens, these ovens give off intense heat and unpleasant fumes. The man in the foreground is wearing an oxygen mask

New Britain, Connecticut. Men employed at the Landers, Frary and Clark...

Public domain photograph of Connecticut in 1930s, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

An e12 nucleus collides with an oxygen (O16) nucleus contained in the water vapor. Photo taken 3/13/1952. 60"-441. Principal Investigator/Project: Crocker Lab/60-inch

An e12 nucleus collides with an oxygen (O16) nucleus contained in the ...

Photographs Documenting Scientists, Special Events, and Nuclear Research Facilities, Instruments, and Projects at the Berkeley Lab

50 år på syrgasfabrik.28 oktober 1958.

50 år på syrgasfabrik.28 oktober 1958.

50 år på syrgasfabrik.28 oktober 1958.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Huge clouds roll over Launch Pad 39B where Space Shuttle Atlantis still sits after the scrub of its launch on mission STS-115. Atlantis was originally scheduled to launch at 12:29 p.m. EDT on this date, but a 24-hour scrub was called by mission managers due to a concern with fuel cell 1. Towering above the shuttle is the 80-foot lightning mast. At left is the rolled-back rotating service structure with the payload changeout room open. Just above the orange external tank is the vent hood (known as the "beanie cap") at the end of the gaseous oxygen vent arm. Vapors are created as the liquid oxygen in the external tank boil off. The hood vents the gaseous oxygen vapors away from the space shuttle vehicle. During the STS-115 mission, Atlantis' astronauts will deliver and install the 17.5-ton, bus-sized P3/P4 integrated truss segment on the station. The girder-like truss includes a set of giant solar arrays, batteries and associated electronics and will provide one-fourth of the total power-generation capability for the completed station. This mission is the 116th space shuttle flight, the 27th flight for orbiter Atlantis, and the 19th U.S. flight to the International Space Station. STS-115 is scheduled to last 11 days with a planned landing at KSC. Photo credit: NASA/Ken Thornsley KSC-06pd2055

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Huge clouds roll over Launch Pad 39B w...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Huge clouds roll over Launch Pad 39B where Space Shuttle Atlantis still sits after the scrub of its launch on mission STS-115. Atlantis was originally scheduled to launch at 12:... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Robotic arm experts get ready for ultrasound testing on Endeavour's robotic arm. A scrape of the honeycomb shell around the arm occurred while work platforms were being installed to gain access to repair the oxygen leak in the Shuttle's mid-body. Launch of Endeavour on mission STS-113 has been postponed until no earlier than Nov. 22. KSC-02pd1737

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Robotic arm experts get ready for ultras...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Robotic arm experts get ready for ultrasound testing on Endeavour's robotic arm. A scrape of the honeycomb shell around the arm occurred while work platforms were being installed ... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- In the early morning hours, the Rotating Service Structure (left) begins rolling back to free Space Shuttle Discovery for launch of mission STS-92 at 8:05 p.m. Oct. 9. Above the external tank can be seen the Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm with its vent hood, commonly referred to as the “beanie cap.” The system is designed to vent gaseous oxygen vapors away from the Shuttle after cryogenic loading. The scheduled launch is the second attempt after an earlier scrub. STS-92 is making the fifth flight for construction of the International Space Station. The mission is also the 100th in the history of the Shuttle program KSC-00pp1508

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- In the early morning hours, the Rotatin...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- In the early morning hours, the Rotating Service Structure (left) begins rolling back to free Space Shuttle Discovery for launch of mission STS-92 at 8:05 p.m. Oct. 9. Above the e... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The morning sky lightens behind Space Shuttle Atlantis while lights on the fixed service structure (FSS) still illuminate the orbiter on Launch Pad 39B. Atlantis was originally scheduled to launch at 12:29 p.m. EDT on this date, but a 24-hour scrub was called by mission managers due to a concern with Fuel Cell 1. Seen poised above the orange external tank is the vent hood (known as the "beanie cap") at the end of the gaseous oxygen vent arm. Vapors are created as the liquid oxygen in the external tank boil off. The hood vents the gaseous oxygen vapors away from the space shuttle vehicle. Extending from the FSS to Atlantis is the orbiter access arm with the White Room at the end. The White Room provides entry into the orbiter through the hatch. During the STS-115 mission, Atlantis' astronauts will deliver and install the 17.5-ton, bus-sized P3/P4 integrated truss segment on the station. The girder-like truss includes a set of giant solar arrays, batteries and associated electronics and will provide one-fourth of the total power-generation capability for the completed station. This mission is the 116th space shuttle flight, the 27th flight for orbiter Atlantis, and the 19th U.S. flight to the International Space Station. STS-115 is scheduled to last 11 days with a planned landing at KSC. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder KSC-06pd2050

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The morning sky lightens behind Space ...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The morning sky lightens behind Space Shuttle Atlantis while lights on the fixed service structure (FSS) still illuminate the orbiter on Launch Pad 39B. Atlantis was originally s... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At the NASA Railroad Yard at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, preparations are under way for the departure of a train made up of tank cars. The railroad’s track runs past Kennedy’s 525-foot-tall Vehicle Assembly Building in the background. The train is headed for the Florida East Coast Railway interchange in Titusville, Fla., where the train’s helium tank cars, a liquid oxygen tank car, and a liquid hydrogen dewar or tank car will be transferred for delivery to the SpaceX engine test complex outside McGregor, Texas. The railroad cars were needed in support of the Space Shuttle Program but currently are not in use by NASA following the completion of the program in 2011. Originally, the tankers belonged to the U.S. Bureau of Mines. At the peak of the shuttle program, there were approximately 30 cars in the fleet. About half the cars were returned to the bureau as launch activity diminished. Five tank cars are being loaned to SpaceX and repurposed to support their engine tests in Texas. Eight cars previously were shipped to California on loan to support the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches from Space Launch Complex-4 on Vandenberg Air Force Base. SpaceX already has three helium tank cars previously used for the shuttle program at Space Launch Complex-40 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. For more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/spacex. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann KSC-2012-3033a

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At the NASA Railroad Yard at NASA’s Kennedy Spa...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At the NASA Railroad Yard at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, preparations are under way for the departure of a train made up of tank cars. The railroad’s track runs past Kennedy’... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Outside the massive Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, members of the news media (foreground) wait in the dark for the rollout of the Ares I-X to begin. The rocket will travel the 4.2 miles to Launch Pad 39B atop the crawler-transporter. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller KSC-2009-5534

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Outside the massive Vehicle Assembly Building a...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Outside the massive Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, members of the news media (foreground) wait in the dark for the rollout of the Ares I-X to begin. ... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – From left, Chirold Epp, the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology, or ALHAT, project manager, and Jon Olansen, Morpheus project manager, speak to members of the media near the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Media also viewed Morpheus inside a facility near the landing facility. Project Morpheus tests NASA’s ALHAT and an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, which are green propellants. These new capabilities could be used in future efforts to deliver cargo to planetary surfaces. The landing facility provides the lander with the kind of field necessary for realistic testing, complete with rocks, craters and hazards to avoid. Morpheus’ ALHAT payload allows it to navigate to clear landing sites amidst rocks, craters and other hazards during its descent. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. The efforts in AES pioneer new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond Earth orbit. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/. Photo credit: NASA/Frankie Martin KSC-2014-2644

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – From left, Chirold Epp, the Autonomous Landing ...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – From left, Chirold Epp, the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology, or ALHAT, project manager, and Jon Olansen, Morpheus project manager, speak to members of the media near th... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- After rollback of the Rotating Service Structure on Launch Pad 39B, Space Shuttle Endeavour is bathed in light. Twin solid rocket boosters flank the orange external tank behind Endeavour. Above the external tank is the Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm that vents gaseous oxygen vapors away from the Shuttle. The vent hood assembly at the end is often referred to as the "beanie cap." Stretching to the crew hatch on the side of Endeavour is the Orbiter Access Arm with its environmentally controlled White Room at the end, through which the crew enters the vehicle. The Shuttle sits on the Mobile Launcher Platform with the two service tail masts on either side of the main engines. The tail masts support the fluid, gas and electrical requirements of the orbiter's liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen aft T-0 umbilicals. Each tail mast is 31 feet (9.4 meters) high, 15 feet (4.6 meters) long and 9 feet (3.1 meters) wide. Endeavour is scheduled to launch on mission STS-108 Dec. 4 at 5:45 p.m. EST. On this 12th flight to the International Space Station, known as a Utilization Flight, Endeavour will carry a crew of four plus the Expedition 4 crew, who will replace Expedition 3 aboard the ISS. The payload includes the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello, filled with supplies, equipment and experiments KSC01PD1763

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- After rollback of the Rotating Service S...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- After rollback of the Rotating Service Structure on Launch Pad 39B, Space Shuttle Endeavour is bathed in light. Twin solid rocket boosters flank the orange external tank behind En... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers perform post-polishing inspection on Atlantis' flow liners. Following an extensive investigation into the cause of tiny cracks inside fuel lines of the four space shuttle orbiters, a welding and polishing process is being implemented that will restore flow-liner integrity to design condition. These liners are inside the space shuttle Main Propulsion System fuel lines to preclude liquid hydrogen and oxygen turbulent flow into the engines during launch and climb to orbit. The technique calls for welds of three very small cracks on Atlantis and two on Endeavour. Additionally, the microscopic rough edges of the liner holes are being smoothed by polishing to reduce the chance of more cracks developing in the future. Atlantis is scheduled on mission STS-112, an assembly flight to the International Space Station, no earlier than Sept. 28, 2002. KSC-02pd1154

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers perform post-polishing inspecti...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers perform post-polishing inspection on Atlantis' flow liners. Following an extensive investigation into the cause of tiny cracks inside fuel lines of the four space shuttle... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander is being transported to the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility for free flight test number 15 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The lander will take off from the ground over a flame trench and use its autonomous landing and hazard avoidance technology, or ALHAT sensors, to survey the hazard field to determine safe landing sites. Project Morpheus tests NASA’s ALHAT and an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, which are green propellants. These new capabilities could be used in future efforts to deliver cargo to planetary surfaces. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann KSC-2014-4799

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander is bei...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander is being transported to the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility for free flight test number 15 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Th... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- With the Rotating Service Structure rolled back, Space Shuttle Discovery is revealed, poised for launch on mission STS-102 at 6:42 a.m. EST March 8. It sits on the Mobile Launcher Platform, which straddles the flame trench below that helps deflect the intense heat of launch. Made of concrete and refractory brick, the trench is 490 feet long, 58 feet wide and 40 feet high. Situated above the external tank is the Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm with the “beanie cap,” a vent hood. On this eighth construction flight to the International Space Station, Discovery carries the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo, the primary delivery system used to resupply and return Station cargo requiring a pressurized environment. Leonardo will deliver up to 10 tons of laboratory racks filled with equipment, experiments and supplies for outfitting the newly installed U.S. Laboratory Destiny KSC01padig145

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- With the Rotating Service Structure roll...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- With the Rotating Service Structure rolled back, Space Shuttle Discovery is revealed, poised for launch on mission STS-102 at 6:42 a.m. EST March 8. It sits on the Mobile Launcher ... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- In the Space Shuttle Main Engine Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, two of six space shuttle main engines are prepared for the STS-134 and STS-335 missions. Postflight inspections and maintenance of each engine are conducted in the facility between shuttle missions by Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne aerospace technicians. Three main engines are clustered at the aft end of the shuttle and have a combined thrust of more than 1.2 million pounds. Each engine utilizes liquid hydrogen for fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer and operates during the entire eight-and-a-half minute ride to orbit. Space shuttle Endeavour's STS-134 mission is the final planned mission of the Space Shuttle Program and will deliver the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, as well as critical spare components, to the International Space Station next year. Shuttle Atlantis will be prepared for STS-335, which is the planned "launch on need," or potential rescue mission, for Endeavour's STS-134 mission. For information, visit www.nasa.gov/shuttle. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller KSC-2010-4670

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- In the Space Shuttle Main Engine Processing Fa...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- In the Space Shuttle Main Engine Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, two of six space shuttle main engines are prepared for the STS-134 and STS-335 missions. P... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Flags wave near Launch Pad 39A where space shuttle Endeavour waits for liftoff. The rotating service structure was rolled back starting at 8:23 a.m. and complete at 8:55 a.m. Above the orange external tank is seen the "beanie cap" at the end of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, extending from the fixed service structure. Vapors are created as the liquid oxygen in the external tank boil off. The hood vents the gaseous oxygen vapors away from the space shuttle vehicle. Below is the orbiter access arm with the White Room at the end, flush against the shuttle. The crew gains access into the orbiter through the White Room. The rotating structure provides protected access to the orbiter for changeout and servicing of payloads at the pad. The structure is supported by a rotating bridge that pivots about a vertical axis on the west side of the pad's flame trench. After the RSS is rolled back, the orbiter is ready for fuel cell activation and external tank cryogenic propellant loading operations. The pad is cleared to the perimeter gate for operations to fill the external tank with about 500,000 gallons of cryogenic propellants used by the shuttle’s main engines. This is done at the pad approximately eight hours before the scheduled launch. Endeavour and its crew will deliver the first section of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Kibo laboratory and the Canadian Space Agency's two-armed robotic system, Dextre. Launch is scheduled for 2:28 a.m. EDT March 11. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-08pd0673

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Flags wave near Launch Pad 39A where spa...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Flags wave near Launch Pad 39A where space shuttle Endeavour waits for liftoff. The rotating service structure was rolled back starting at 8:23 a.m. and complete at 8:55 a.m. Abo... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander is prepared for transport to the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility for free flight test number 15 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The lander will take off from the ground over a flame trench and use its autonomous landing and hazard avoidance technology, or ALHAT sensors, to survey the hazard field to determine safe landing sites. Project Morpheus tests NASA’s ALHAT and an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, which are green propellants. These new capabilities could be used in future efforts to deliver cargo to planetary surfaces. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann KSC-2014-4804

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander is pre...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander is prepared for transport to the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility for free flight test number 15 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florid... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Orbiter Processing Facility, workers lift the liquid oxygen feedline for the 17-inch disconnect toward orbiter Discovery for installation. The 17-inch liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen disconnects provide the propellant feed interface from the external tank to the orbiter main propulsion system and the three Shuttle main engines.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Orbiter Processing Facility, wor...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Orbiter Processing Facility, workers lift the liquid oxygen feedline for the 17-inch disconnect toward orbiter Discovery for installation. The 17-inch liquid oxygen and liq... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – A technician controls a special crane as it lifts a newly removed fuel cell from space shuttle Endeavour's payload bay. The operation took place inside Orbiter Processing Facility-2 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. All three of Endeavour's fuel cells were removed and will be drained of fluids. The hydrogen and oxygen dewars which feed reactants to the fuel cells remain in Endeavour's midbody and will be purged with inert gases and vented down. The work is part of the Space Shuttle Program's transition and retirement processing of shuttle Endeavour, which is being prepared for public display at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. Its ferry flight to California is targeted for mid-September. Endeavour was the last space shuttle added to NASA's orbiter fleet. Over the course of its 19-year career, Endeavour spent 299 days in space during 25 missions. For more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/shuttle. Photo credit: NASA/Glenn Benson KSC-2012-3109

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – A technician controls a special crane as it lif...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – A technician controls a special crane as it lifts a newly removed fuel cell from space shuttle Endeavour's payload bay. The operation took place inside Orbiter Processing Facility-2 at NA... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Inside Orbiter Processing Facility-2 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a technician assists as a special crane lifts one of the three fuel cells away from space shuttle Atlantis’ payload bay. The fuel cells will be drained of all fluids. The hydrogen and oxygen dewars which feed reactants to the fuel cells remain in Atlantis’ mid-body and will be purged with inert gases and vented down. The work is part of the Space Shuttle Program’s transition and retirement processing of shuttle Atlantis. The orbiter is being prepared for display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-2011-8279

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Inside Orbiter Processing Facility-2 at NASA’s ...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Inside Orbiter Processing Facility-2 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a technician assists as a special crane lifts one of the three fuel cells away from space shuttle Atlantis’... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- In the glow of a setting sun, Space Shuttle Endeavour is revealed after the rollback of the Rotating Service Structure (left) on Launch Pad 39A. At the top of the external tank can be seen the “beanie cap,” a venting apparatus at the end of the Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm. Endeavour is expected to lift off on mission STS-100 on April 19, carrying the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello and the Canadian robotic arm, SSRMS, with a crew of seven to the International Space Station KSC-01pp0909

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- In the glow of a setting sun, Space Shu...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- In the glow of a setting sun, Space Shuttle Endeavour is revealed after the rollback of the Rotating Service Structure (left) on Launch Pad 39A. At the top of the external tank ca... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, two space shuttle external fuel tank transporters are being prepared for transfer to the Wings of Dreams Aviation Museum at Keystone Heights Airport between Gainesville and Jacksonville, Fla. At the Wings of Dreams Aviation Museum a mock-up shuttle external fuel tank will be displayed. During space shuttle launches, the external tanks contained over 500,000 gallons of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellant for the shuttle orbiters' three main engines. The effort is part of Transition and Retirement of the space shuttle. For more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/transition Photo credit: NASA/ Jim Grossmann KSC-2013-1080

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, two ...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, two space shuttle external fuel tank transporters are being prepared for transfer to the Wings of Dreams Aviation Museum at Keystone Heights Air... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a crane is used to load the aft skirt for a space shuttle solid rocket booster on a truck. A twin set of space shuttle solid rocket boosters and an external fuel tank are being prepared for transport to separate museums. The solid rocket boosters, or SRBs, will be displayed at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. The external tank soon will be transported for display at the Wings of Dreams Aviation Museum at Keystone Heights Airport between Gainesville and Jacksonville, Fla. The 149-foot SRBs together provided six million pounds of thrust. The external fuel tank contained over 500,000 gallons of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellant for the shuttle orbiters' three main engines. The work is part of Transition and Retirement of the space shuttle. For more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/transition Photo credit: NASA/ Dimitri Gerondidakis KSC-2012-4455

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a cr...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a crane is used to load the aft skirt for a space shuttle solid rocket booster on a truck. A twin set of space shuttle solid rocket boosters and... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a twin set of space shuttle solid rocket boosters and an external fuel tank are being loaded on trucks for transport to separate museums. The solid rocket boosters, or SRBs, will be displayed at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. The external tank soon will be transported for display at the Wings of Dreams Aviation Museum at Keystone Heights Airport between Gainesville and Jacksonville, Fla. The 149-foot SRBs together provided six million pounds of thrust. The external fuel tank contained over 500,000 gallons of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellant for the shuttle orbiters' three main engines. The work is part of Transition and Retirement of the space shuttle. For more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/transition Photo credit: NASA/ Dimitri Gerondidakis KSC-2012-4446

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a tw...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a twin set of space shuttle solid rocket boosters and an external fuel tank are being loaded on trucks for transport to separate museums. T... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- A technician prepares the Project Morpheus prototype lander for a second free flight test at the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Testing of the prototype lander was performed at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston in preparation for tethered and free flight testing at Kennedy. Project Morpheus integrates NASA’s automated landing and hazard avoidance technology, or ALHAT, with an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, or green propellants, into a fully-operational lander that could deliver cargo to other planetary surfaces. The landing facility will provide the lander with the kind of field necessary for realistic testing, complete with rocks, craters and hazards to avoid. Morpheus’ ALHAT payload allows it to navigate to clear landing sites amidst rocks, craters and other hazards during its descent. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. The efforts in AES pioneer new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond Earth orbit. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis KSC-2013-4368

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- A technician prepares the Project Morpheus pro...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- A technician prepares the Project Morpheus prototype lander for a second free flight test at the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Test... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - A closeup of crawler-transportation (CT) number 2 shows the new muffler system on the vehicle. The CT also recently underwent modifications to the cab. The CT is transporting a Mobile Launch Platform (MLP). The CT moves Space Shuttle vehicles, situated on the MLP, between the VAB and launch pad. Moving on four double-tracked crawlers, the CT uses a laser guidance system and a leveling system for the journey that keeps the top of a Space Shuttle vertical within plus- or minus-10 minutes of arc. The system enables the CT-MLP-Shuttle to negotiate the ramp leading to the launch pads and keep the load level. Unloaded, the CT weighs 6 million pounds. Seen on top of the MLP are two tail service masts that support the fluid, gas and electrical requirements of the orbiter’s liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen aft umbilicals.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - A closeup of crawler-transportation (CT...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - A closeup of crawler-transportation (CT) number 2 shows the new muffler system on the vehicle. The CT also recently underwent modifications to the cab. The CT is transporting a... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The late afternoon sun highlights the external tank and solid rocket booster on Space Shuttle Columbia after rollback of the Rotating Service Structure on Launch Pad 39A. Visible are the orbiter access arm with the White Room extended to Columbia's cockpit, and at the top, the gaseous oxygen vent arm and cap, called the "beanie cap." Columbia is scheduled for launch Jan. 16 at 10:39 a.m. EST on mission STS-107, a research mission. KSC-03pd0077

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The late afternoon sun highlights the ex...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The late afternoon sun highlights the external tank and solid rocket booster on Space Shuttle Columbia after rollback of the Rotating Service Structure on Launch Pad 39A. Visible a... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Engineers and technicians prepare NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander for free flight test number 15 on a launch pad at the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The lander will take off from the ground over a flame trench and use its autonomous landing and hazard avoidance technology, or ALHAT sensors, to survey the hazard field to determine safe landing sites. Project Morpheus tests NASA’s ALHAT and an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, which are green propellants. These new capabilities could be used in future efforts to deliver cargo to planetary surfaces. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann KSC-2014-4802

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Engineers and technicians prepare NASA's Projec...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Engineers and technicians prepare NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander for free flight test number 15 on a launch pad at the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA's Kenned... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At the Space Station Processing Facility, the STS-104 crew look over equipment as part of Crew Equipment Interface Test activities. Starting second from left are Mission Specialists James F. Reilly II, Janet L. Kavandi, Pilot Charles O. Hobaugh, Commander Steven Lindsey and Mission Specialist Michael L. Gernhardt. The STS-104 mission will carry the Joint Airlock Module to the International Space Station. The U.S.-made module will allow astronauts and cosmonauts in residence on the Station to perform future spacewalks without the presence of a Space Shuttle. The module, which comprises a crew lock and an equipment lock, will be connected to the starboard (right) side of Node 1 Unity. Atlantis will also carry oxygen and nitrogen storage tanks, vital to operation of the Joint Airlock, on a Spacelab Logistics Double Pallet in the payload bay. The tanks, to be installed on the perimeter of the Joint Module during the mission’s spacewalks, will support future spacewalk operations and experiments plus agument the resupply system for the Station’s Service Module KSC-01pp0860

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At the Space Station Processing Facility...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At the Space Station Processing Facility, the STS-104 crew look over equipment as part of Crew Equipment Interface Test activities. Starting second from left are Mission Specialist... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Inside Orbiter Processing Facility-1 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians prepare to re-install the three fuel cells in space shuttle Discovery’s mid-body. The fuel cells were removed and drained of all fluids. The hydrogen and oxygen dewars which feed reactants to the fuel cells remain in Discovery’s mid-body and have been purged with inert gases and vented down. The work is part of the Space Shuttle Program’s transition and retirement processing of shuttle Discovery. Discovery is being prepared for display at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Va. For more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/shuttle. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis KSC-2011-8199

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Inside Orbiter Processing Facility-1 at NASA’s ...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Inside Orbiter Processing Facility-1 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians prepare to re-install the three fuel cells in space shuttle Discovery’s mid-body. The fuel c... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The arms of the vehicle stabilization system are closed around the towering 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket, newly arrived on Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The test rocket left the Vehicle Assembly Building at 1:39 a.m. EDT on its 4.2-mile trek to the pad and was "hard down" on the pad’s pedestals at 9:17 a.m. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-2009-5596

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The arms of the vehicle stabilization system ar...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The arms of the vehicle stabilization system are closed around the towering 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket, newly arrived on Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Th... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- The first free-flight test of NASA's Morpheus prototype lander was conducted at the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The 98-second test began at 10:02 p.m. EDT with the Morpheus lander launching from the ground over a flame trench and ascending more than 800 feet. The vehicle, with its autonomous landing and hazard avoidance technology, or ALHAT sensors, surveyed the hazard field to determine safe landing sites. Morpheus then flew forward and downward covering approximately 1,300 feet while performing a 78-foot divert to simulate a hazard avoidance maneuver. The lander then descended and landed on a dedicated pad inside the test field. Project Morpheus tests NASA’s ALHAT and an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, which are green propellants. These new capabilities could be used in future efforts to deliver cargo to planetary surfaces. The landing facility provides the lander with the kind of field necessary for realistic testing, complete with rocks, craters and hazards to avoid. Morpheus’ ALHAT payload allows it to navigate to clear landing sites amidst rocks, craters and other hazards during its descent. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. The efforts in AES pioneer new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond Earth orbit. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/. Photo credit: NASA/Mike Chambers KSC-2014-2707

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- The first free-flight test of NASA's Morpheus ...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- The first free-flight test of NASA's Morpheus prototype lander was conducted at the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The 98-second test began at 10:02 ... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – On Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the orbiter access arm and White Room are extended toward space shuttle Discovery after rollback of the rotating service structure. Above the external tank is the oxygen vent hood, called the "beanie cap." The rollback is in preparation for Discovery's liftoff on the STS-119 mission with a crew of seven. The rotating structure provides protected access to the shuttle for changeout and servicing of payloads at the pad. After the RSS is rolled back, the orbiter is ready for fuel cell activation and external tank cryogenic propellant loading operations. The mission is the 28th to the International Space Station and the 125th space shuttle flight. Discovery will deliver the final pair of power-generating solar array wings and the S6 truss segment. Installation of S6 will signal the station's readiness to house a six-member crew for conducting increased science. Liftoff of Discovery is scheduled for 9:20 p.m. EDT on March 11. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-2009-2020

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – On Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Cente...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – On Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the orbiter access arm and White Room are extended toward space shuttle Discovery after rollback of the rotating service struc... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander performed a free-flight test from a launch pad at the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The 97-second test began at 2:30 p.m. EDT with the Morpheus lander launching from the ground over a flame trench and ascending more than 800 feet. The vehicle, with its recently installed autonomous landing and hazard avoidance technology, or ALHAT, sensors surveyed the hazard field to determine safe landing sites. Morpheus then flew forward and downward covering approximately 1,300 feet while performing a 78-foot divert to simulate a hazard avoidance maneuver. The lander descended and landed on a dedicated pad inside the ALHAT hazard field. Project Morpheus tests NASA’s ALHAT and an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, which are green propellants. These new capabilities could be used in future efforts to deliver cargo to planetary surfaces. The landing facility provides the lander with the kind of field necessary for realistic testing, complete with rocks, craters and hazards to avoid. Morpheus’ ALHAT payload allows it to navigate to clear landing sites amidst rocks, craters and other hazards during its descent. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. The efforts in AES pioneer new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond Earth orbit. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-2014-2665

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander perform...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander performed a free-flight test from a launch pad at the north end of the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The 97-s... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Inside the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket stands on its mobile launcher platform. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-2009-5541

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Inside the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's ...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Inside the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket stands on its mobile launcher platform. The transfer of the pad from t... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The first free flight of the Project Morpheus prototype lander was conducted at the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Smoke fills the air as the engine fires and the Morpheus lander launched from the ground over a flame trench. During the 54-second test, it ascended approximately 50 feet, and hovered for about 15 seconds. The lander then flew forward and landed on its pad about 23 feet from the launch point. Testing of the prototype lander was performed at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston in preparation for tethered and free flight testing at Kennedy. Project Morpheus integrates NASA’s automated landing and hazard avoidance technology, or ALHAT, with an engine that runs on liquid oxygen and methane, or green propellants, into a fully-operational lander that could deliver cargo to asteroids and other planetary surfaces. The landing facility will provide the lander with the kind of field necessary for realistic testing, complete with rocks, craters and hazards to avoid. Morpheus’ ALHAT payload allows it to navigate to clear landing sites amidst rocks, craters and other hazards during its descent. Project Morpheus is being managed under the Advanced Exploration Systems, or AES, Division in NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. The efforts in AES pioneer new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond Earth orbit. For more information on Project Morpheus, visit http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-2013-4325

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The first free flight of the Project Morpheus p...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The first free flight of the Project Morpheus prototype lander was conducted at the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Smoke fills the air as the engine f... More

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Lights bathe space shuttle Discovery on Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida after rollback of the rotating service structure. The orbiter access arm and White Room are extended toward Discovery. The White Room provides crew access into the shuttle. Above the external tank is the oxygen vent hood, called the "beanie cap." The rollback is in preparation for Discovery's liftoff on the STS-119 mission with a crew of seven. The rotating structure provides protected access to the shuttle for changeout and servicing of payloads at the pad. After the RSS is rolled back, the orbiter is ready for fuel cell activation and external tank cryogenic propellant loading operations. The mission is the 28th to the International Space Station and the 125th space shuttle flight. Discovery will deliver the final pair of power-generating solar array wings and the S6 truss segment. Installation of S6 will signal the station's readiness to house a six-member crew for conducting increased science. Liftoff of Discovery is scheduled for 9:20 p.m. EDT on March 11. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett KSC-2009-2024

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Lights bathe space shuttle Discovery on Launch ...

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Lights bathe space shuttle Discovery on Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida after rollback of the rotating service structure. The orbiter access arm and White Room ar... More

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- With the Rotating Service Structure rolled back, Space Shuttle Atlantis stands ready for launch on mission STS-110. The Orbiter Access Arm extends from the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) to the crew compartment hatch, through which the STS-110 crew will enter Atlantis. Above the golden external tank is the vent hood (known as the "beanie cap") at the end of the gaseous oxygen vent arm. Vapors are created as the liquid oxygen in the external tank boil off. The hood vents the gaseous oxygen vapors away from the Space Shuttle vehicle. The RSS provides protected access to the orbiter for changeout and servicing of payloads at the pad. The structure has access platforms at five levels to provide access to the payload bay. The FSS provides access to the orbiter and the RSS. Mission STS-110 is scheduled to launch April 4 on its 11-day mission to the International Space Station KSC-02pd0392

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- With the Rotating Service Structure roll...

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- With the Rotating Service Structure rolled back, Space Shuttle Atlantis stands ready for launch on mission STS-110. The Orbiter Access Arm extends from the Fixed Service Structure... More

The static firing of a Saturn F-1 engine at the Marshall Space Flight Center's Static Test Stand. The F-1 engine is a single-start, 1,5000,000 Lb fixed-thrust, bipropellant rocket system. The engine uses liquid oxygen as the oxidizer and RP-1 (kerosene) as fuel. The five-engine cluster used on the first stage of the Saturn V produces 7,500,000 lbs of thrust. n/a

The static firing of a Saturn F-1 engine at the Marshall Space Flight ...

The static firing of a Saturn F-1 engine at the Marshall Space Flight Center's Static Test Stand. The F-1 engine is a single-start, 1,5000,000 Lb fixed-thrust, bipropellant rocket system. The engine uses liqui... More

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, the existing stands were remodeled and a sizable new test area was developed. The new comprehensive test complex for propulsion and structural dynamics was unique within the nation and the free world, and they remain so today because they were constructed with foresight to meet the future as well as on going needs. Construction of the S-IC Static test stand complex began in 1961 in the west test area of MSFC, and was completed in 1964. The S-IC static test stand was designed to develop and test the 138-ft long and 33-ft diameter Saturn V S-IC first stage, or booster stage, weighing in at 280,000 pounds. Required to hold down the brute force of a 7,500,000-pound thrust produced by 5 F-1 engines, the S-IC static test stand was designed and constructed with the strength of hundreds of tons of steel and 12,000,000 pounds of cement, planted down to bedrock 40 feet below ground level. The foundation walls, constructed with concrete and steel, are 4 feet thick. The base structure consists of four towers with 40-foot-thick walls extending upward 144 feet above ground level. The structure was topped by a crane with a 135-foot boom. With the boom in the upright position, the stand was given an overall height of 405 feet, placing it among the highest structures in Alabama at the time. In addition to the S-IC test stand, related facilities were built during this time. Built to the north of the massive S-IC test stand, was the F-1 Engine test stand. The F-1 test stand, a vertical engine firing test stand, 239 feet in elevation and 4,600 square feet in area at the base, was designed to assist in the development of the F-1 Engine. Capability was provided for static firing of 1.5 million pounds of thrust using liquid oxygen and kerosene. Like the S-IC stand, the foundation of the F-1 stand is keyed into the bedrock approximately 40 feet below grade. This photo, taken October 26, 1962, depicts the excavation process of the single engine F-1 stand. n/a

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the...

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, th... More

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, the existing stands were remodeled and a sizable new test area was developed. The new comprehensive test complex for propulsion and structural dynamics was unique within the nation and the free world, and they remain so today because they were constructed with foresight to meet the future as well as on going needs. Construction of the S-IC Static test stand complex began in 1961 in the west test area of MSFC, and was completed in 1964. The S-IC static test stand was designed to develop and test the 138-ft long and 33-ft diameter Saturn V S-IC first stage, or booster stage, weighing in at 280,000 pounds. Required to hold down the brute force of a 7,500,000-pound thrust produced by 5 F-1 engines, the S-IC static test stand was designed and constructed with the strength of hundreds of tons of steel and 12,000,000 pounds of cement, planted down to bedrock 40 feet below ground level. The foundation walls, constructed with concrete and steel, are 4 feet thick. The base structure consists of four towers with 40-foot-thick walls extending upward 144 feet above ground level. The structure was topped by a crane with a 135-foot boom. With the boom in the upright position, the stand was given an overall height of 405 feet, placing it among the highest structures in Alabama at the time. In addition to the S-IC test stand, related facilities were built during this time. Built to the north of the massive S-IC test stand, was the F-1 Engine test stand. The F-1 test stand, a vertical engine firing test stand, 239 feet in elevation and 4,600 square feet in area at the base, was designed to assist in the development of the F-1 Engine. Capability was provided for static firing of 1.5 million pounds of thrust using liquid oxygen and kerosene. Like the S-IC stand, the foundation of the F-1 stand is keyed into the bedrock approximately 40 feet below grade. This photo, taken November 15, 1962, depicts the excavation process of the single engine F-1 stand site. n/a

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the...

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, th... More

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, the existing stands were remodeled and a sizable new test area was developed. The new comprehensive test complex for propulsion and structural dynamics was unique within the nation and the free world, and they remain so today because they were constructed with foresight to meet the future as well as on going needs. Construction of the S-IC Static test stand complex began in 1961 in the west test area of MSFC, and was completed in 1964. The S-IC static test stand was designed to develop and test the 138-ft long and 33-ft diameter Saturn V S-IC first stage, or booster stage, weighing in at 280,000 pounds. Required to hold down the brute force of a 7,500,000-pound thrust produced by 5 F-1 engines, the S-IC static test stand was designed and constructed with the strength of hundreds of tons of steel and 12,000,000 pounds of cement, planted down to bedrock 40 feet below ground level. The foundation walls, constructed with concrete and steel, are 4 feet thick. The base structure consists of four towers with 40-foot-thick walls extending upward 144 feet above ground level. The structure was topped by a crane with a 135-foot boom. With the boom in the upright position, the stand was given an overall height of 405 feet, placing it among the highest structures in Alabama at the time. In addition to the stand itself, related facilities were constructed during this time. Built directly east of the test stand was the Block House, which served as the control center for the test stand. The two were connected by a narrow access tunnel which housed the cables for the controls. The F-1 Engine test stand was built north of the massive S-IC test stand. The F-1 test stand is a vertical engine firing test stand, 239 feet in elevation and 4,600 square feet in area at the base, and was designed to assist in the development of the F-1 Engine. Capability is provided for static firing of 1.5 million pounds of thrust using liquid oxygen and kerosene. Like the S-IC stand, the foundation of the F-1 stand is keyed into the bedrock approximately 40 feet below grade. This aerial photograph, taken January 15, 1963 gives an overall view of the construction progress of the newly developed test complex. The large white building located in the center is the Block House. Just below and to the right of it is the S-IC test stand. The large hole to the left of the S-IC stand is the F-1 test stand site. n/a

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the...

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, th... More

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, the existing stands were remodeled and a sizable new test area was developed. The new comprehensive test complex for propulsion and structural dynamics was unique within the nation and the free world, and they remain so today because they were constructed with foresight to meet the future as well as on going needs. Construction of the S-IC Static test stand complex began in 1961 in the west test area of MSFC, and was completed in 1964. The S-IC static test stand was designed to develop and test the 138-ft long and 33-ft diameter Saturn V S-IC first stage, or booster stage, weighing in at 280,000 pounds. Required to hold down the brute force of a 7,500,000-pound thrust produced by 5 F-1 engines, the S-IC static test stand was designed and constructed with the strength of hundreds of tons of steel and 12,000,000 pounds of cement, planted down to bedrock 40 feet below ground level. The foundation walls, constructed with concrete and steel, are 4 feet thick. The base structure consists of four towers with 40-foot-thick walls extending upward 144 feet above ground level. The structure was topped by a crane with a 135-foot boom. With the boom in the upright position, the stand was given an overall height of 405 feet, placing it among the highest structures in Alabama at the time. In addition to the stand itself, related facilities were constructed during this time. Built directly east of the test stand was the Block House, which served as the control center for the test stand. The two were connected by a narrow access tunnel which housed the cables for the controls. The F-1 Engine test stand was built north of the massive S-IC test stand. The F-1 test stand is a vertical engine firing test stand, 239 feet in elevation and 4,600 square feet in area at the base, and was designed to assist in the development of the F-1 Engine. Capability is provided for static firing of 1.5 million pounds of thrust using liquid oxygen and kerosene. Like the S-IC stand, the foundation of the F-1 stand is keyed into the bedrock approximately 40 feet below grade. This aerial photograph, taken January 15, 1963, gives a close overall view of the newly developed test complex. Depicted in the forefront center is the S-IC test stand with towers prominent, the Block House is seen in the center just above the S-IC test stand, and the large hole to the left, located midway between the two is the F-1 test stand site. n/a

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the...

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army’s Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, th... More

Helium-3 Activation Experiment. Thin aluminum foil containing one ten-trillionth of an ounce of oxygen molecules is removed from target holder by chemist, Samuel Markowitz, inventor of new trace analysis technique. Photo taken February 28, 1963. Morgue 1963-5 (P-1) [Photographer: Donald Cooksey]

Helium-3 Activation Experiment. Thin aluminum foil containing one ten-...

Photographs Documenting Scientists, Special Events, and Nuclear Research Facilities, Instruments, and Projects at the Berkeley Lab

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