Alumni mark 30th anniversary of attending Army Russia institute
Graduates of the U.S. Army Russian Institute in 1983 (above) and those gathered June 4 (below).
Marshall Center Participants Visit with the Garmisch-Partenkirchen May...
GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN, Germany (Sept. 11, 2018) – The 100 participants from 43 nations attending our Program on Applied Security Studies had the opportunity to visit ‘die Bürgermeisterin von (Mayor of) Garmisc... More
US awards Bronze Star to Jordanian Marshall Center graduate
The United States has awarded the Bronze Star medal to Lt. Col. Sufian Al-Slaihat (pictured), a Jordanian special forces officer and a graduate of the joint Defense Department/German Ministry of Defense-run Geo... More
Astronaut visits DOD Regional Center
NASA Astronaut Kevin A. Ford points to a patch on the costume Jackson Westervelt during a visit here July 10. Ford visited the Defense Department's George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies for an... More
Airman earns Duke University honors
Maj. Kimberly L. Garbett, an international programs manager with the Partnership for Peace Consortium at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, was named one of three distinguished alumni ... More
Lt. Gen. (ret) Keith W Dayton Director of the George
Lt. Gen. (ret) Keith W Dayton Director of the George C. Marshall Center is giving his welcome remarks at an Ice-Breaker to participants from 39 countries. DOD officials conducted Senior Executive Seminar 13-1 a... More
Crisis management seminar focuses on Balkans, Caucasus
Participants from the 2013 Seminar on Regional Security confer during the interactive discussions part of the course at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch, Germany.
DOD employee named federal librarian of the year
Joyce Greene, the 2012 Federal Librarian of the Year, stands in the research library of the Defense Department's George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies here May 15. The Library of Congress offi... More
Dr. James MacDougall, American deputy director of the
Dr. James MacDougall, American deputy director of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, opens the Fourth Annual Seminar on Transatlantic Civil Security Alumni Community of Interest Worksh... More
STACS COI workshop - A group of people standing in front of a mountain
Civil security operations professionals pose for a group photo at the opening of the 4th annual seminar on Transatlantic Civil Security Alumni Community of Interest Workshop here April 23. The event gathered ab... More
U.S. Coast Guard Rear Adm. Charles D. Michel speaks
U.S. Coast Guard Rear Adm. Charles D. Michel speaks to participants of the Seminar on Transatlantic Civil Security Alumni Community of Interest Workshop, April 25 at the Defense Department’s George C. Marshall ... More
German medical corps soldiers visit center before deployment
GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN, Germany (May 15, 2013) -- Thirty-two soldiers and faculty from the language department of the German Bundeswehr medical academy in Munich pose for a photo following a tour of the Defense... More
DOD Center pioneers first-ever strategic cyber course
Participants discuss policy and other items during a 2013 cyber workshop at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The information used in this workshop ... More
Top DOD cyber official addresses Marshall Center conference
Jack Summe, senior adviser to the deputy assistant secretary of defense for cyber policy, addresses the Cyber Planning Workshop at the DOD's George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies May 15. Explo... More
DOD center exhibit highlights former Russian Institute
Elena Efimenko and Marcy Hampton react to a massive poster of Communist Party revolutionary Vladimir Ilyich Lenin at the Research Library of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies July 12. ... More
DOD speaker keynotes counter trafficking event
Caryn Hollis, deputy assistant secretary of defense for counternarcotics and global threats, talks to attendees of the 2nd Annual Countering Narcotics and Illicit Trafficking Alumni Community of Interest Event ... More
The Gebirgsmusikkorps quintent band from the Germany
The Gebirgsmusikkorps quintent band from the Germany Army plays before the start of the 20th anniversary commemoration event at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies June 12. The event dre... More
DOD Center opens technology lab
U.S. Marine Corps Maj. Daryl Desimone and Dr. Robert Brannon (center, with scissors) cut the ribbon on a new learning center for the faculty and staff of the Defense Department's George C. Marshall European Cen... More
Counterterrorism course graduation includes first South Sudanese
The premier counterterrorism course helmed by the Department of Defense and the German Ministry of Defense graduated Aug. 2, wrapping up five weeks of study on terrorism its origins and more. At a ceremony held... More
International law students tour DOD Regional Center in Germany
Students and faculty from the "Munich Advanced Course in International Law" visited the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies Aug. 7. Professor Sven Gareis, the deputy dean for resident progra... More
Narcotics, Central Asia security highlight researcher’s work at DOD re...
Dr. Azizjon Rahmonov of the Tajik Russian Slavonic University in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, talks about his work during a final presentation at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies Aug. 8. (DO... More
WMD course wraps up at DOD Center in Germany
Dr. John Reppert speaks with Kadambay Sultanov of Uzbekistan during the Seminar on Weapons of Mass Destruction/Terrorism 13-8 at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies. Sultanov was one of ... More
Inspection checks soldiers before upcoming seminar
U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Drexel Barayuga, senior enlisted leader for the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, conducts a uniform inspection of his soldiers Sept. 3 in advance of the upcoming... More
DoD center draws 48 countries to talk 'Global Shift in Power'
Italian air force Brig. Gen. Salva Gagliano, executive director of the Senior Executive Seminar, opens the event in front of about 100 people from 50 countries Sept. 9 at the George C. Marshall European Center ... More
DoD employees observe 9-11 in Germany
Army Sgt. 1st Class Derrick Chambers, a personnel noncommissioned officer assigned to the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies here, sings the U.S. national anthem during a remembrance ceremo... More
U.S. Army Col. Bob Mathers, director of the Eurasian
U.S. Army Col. Bob Mathers, director of the Eurasian Foreign Area Officer studies program at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (center), talks to FAOs gathered for Eurasian Security St... More
DOD center celebrates 66th Air Force birthday
U.S. Air Force Col. David “DJ” Johnson watches Sherry Hobbs and U.S. Air Force Lt. Col. Richard Dabrowski cut the cake on the U.S. Air Force’s 66th birthday at the joint Defense Department and German Ministry o... More
DOD Center celebrates Culture Night
Carol Dayton and her husband, retired Lt. Gen. Keith W. Dayton, director of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, talk to Kakono Monalisa Noowe, head of the Chieftaincy of Military Intell... More
Eleonora Laria Stoian, first secretary at the Romanian
Eleonora Laria Stoian, first secretary at the Romanian Embassy in France, watches Dusan Fischer, a German Marshall Center intern, type information into a computer as Roni Jenko, Ministry of Foreign Affairs in S... More
NDU professor talks capacity building at DOD Center
James Q. Roberts talks to the participants in the Program in Security Sector Capacity Building at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies here Nov. 18. Roberts, the Office of the Secretary o... More
German reporter addresses DOD center course
Susanne Koelbl, a reporter with Der Spiegel, a German weekly news magazine, talks to the participants of the Program on Security Sector Capacity Building Nov. 19 at the George C. Marshall European Center for Se... More
DOD Center leader presents field artillery honor
Retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Keith W. Dayton, director of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, hangs a silver medallion for the Honorable Order of Saint Barbara on U.S. Army Capt. Courtney... More
Retired Lt. Gen. Keith W. Dayton, director of the joint
Retired Lt. Gen. Keith W. Dayton, director of the joint US-German George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, greets Bavarian parliamentarian Martin Bachhuber Jan. 13 during a New Year's reception ... More
Retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Keith W. Dayton, director
Retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Keith W. Dayton, director of the joint U.S.-German George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, delivers opening remarks to the 45 participants in the center’s Seminar on ... More
DOD center Harvard Kennedy School grads in spotlight for campaign
Eight graduates of the Harvard Kennedy School are part of the staff and faculty of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch, Germany. Callaghan and Steinke are pictured at left.
Graduates recommend security seminar to future students
Participants in this year's Seminar on Regional Security from Albania, Lithuania, Turkey and Macedonia participate in the hands-on, crisis management exercise based on an artificial scenario Feb. 12 at the Geor... More
Turkish generals discuss work at DOD Center
U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. Randy Kee, director of U.S. European Command strategy and policy, talks to a group of Turkish flag officers during a senior leaders seminar at the joint U.S.-German George C. Marshall E... More
Participants from Mexico and Nigeria check out course
Participants from Mexico and Nigeria check out course material from the Marshall Center's Program on Terrorism and Security Studies resident course online. Without the iPads, the alternative would have been tho... More
Guest speaker, Dr. Andrzej Karkoszka, former state
Guest speaker, Dr. Andrzej Karkoszka, former state secretary for National Defense of Poland, gives a presentation March 11 to the participants of the Senior Leadership Seminar on Security Sector Reform for Repr... More
Transnational civil security seminar draws 40 to DoD Center
U.S. Army Reserve Lt. Col. Richard Potterton Jr., assistant registrar for the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, greets Georgian Maj. Gadir Aliyev, senior officer for the Ministry of Emerg... More
First-ever study shows Marshall Center cultivates transnational agents...
Eliza M. Markley, a doctorate student with the Kennesaw State University in the U.S. state of Georgia, announces the findings of her thesis – Building Social Capital in the Global Security Context; A study at t... More
DOD Center’s German Element sponsors military fitness ‘Green’ Week
German Air Force Col. Heinz-Joachim Henseler awards U.S. Army Sgt. Bao Huynh, multimedia NCO with the Marshall Center’s visual information division, with a bronze German Armed Forces Badge for Weapons Proficien... More
DOD Center summons pros to examine illicit trafficking, more
Oman Royal Air Force Wing Cmdr. Abdulla Yaqoob Hamed Al-Harthi, Alain Christian Ramtanon, inspector with the Mauritius Ministry of Home Affairs anti-drug and smuggling unit, and Saudi Arabia National Guard Lt. ... More
DOD Center’s first-ever course on illicit trafficking unites ‘the good...
Dr. Denis Alexeev, a member of the Saratov University Russia, talks about the growing market of synthetic drugs from Asia April 1 to 69 participants from 34 countries attending the first-ever Program on Counter... More
U.S. Navy Capt. Joseph E. Bell talks to employees of
U.S. Navy Capt. Joseph E. Bell talks to employees of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies during Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention training in Garmisch, Germany, April 17.... More
Garmisch-Parkenkirchen mayor visits Marshall Center
Retired Lt. Gen. Keith W. Dayton, director of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, and German air force retired Maj. Gen. Hermann Wachter, Marshall Center’s German deputy director, gre... More
Foreign Area Officer Training Program trains experts, celebrates 50 ye...
U.S. Army Col. Robert Duggleby Jr., the Regional Program Director for Black Sea – EURASIA, instructs the Foreign Area Officers on their role in the interagency process at the George C. Marshall European Center ... More
Combating al-Qaida’s transnational threats unites policymakers at DOD ...
Dr. AntonGiulio de’ Robertis, International Relations Adviser to the President of Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa (Center for High Defense Studies in Italy), asks a question to Austrian armed forces Brig. Gen. ... More
Author visits Marshall Center Research Library
Rachel Thompson, director of Special Projects with the George C. Marshall International Center at Dodona Manor in Leesburg, Va., visits the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies to present a c... More
Marshall Center alumni discuss Islamic State
About 50 security leaders throughout the world met Dec. 1 to 4 for the fifth annual Program on Terrorism and Security Studies Alumni Community of Interest event at the George C. Marshall European Center for Sec... More
EUCOM J6 discusses cyber sovereignty at inaugural Marshall Center cour...
U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Welton Chase Jr., U.S. European Command’s director for Command, Control, Communications and Computers (C4)/Cyber discusses issues of cyber sovereignty and policy Dec. 12 during the inaugura... More
Marshall Center director thanks Friends of the Marshall Center
U.S. Army Lt. Gen. (Ret) Keith Dayton (third from left), director of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, and the Mayor of the City of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Dr. Sigrid Meierhofer (seco... More
Michaela Spataru, member of Parliament for the Republic
Michaela Spataru, member of Parliament for the Republic of Moldova, Committee on Human Rights and Interethnic Relations, listens as Dr. Valbona Zeneli, director of the Black Sea Eurasia program at the George C.... More
Indonesian Col. Rustam Effendi, an analyst with the
Indonesian Col. Rustam Effendi, an analyst with the Ministry of Defense, asks a question during the Risk Management: Performing a Threat Analysis lecture June 19 during the George C. Marshall European Center fo... More
European parliamentarians find common ground at Marshall Center to add...
The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies hosts the “21st Century Transnational Security Challenges: The Role of Parliament” June 30 to July 1 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
Ambassador David M. Satterfield, director general of
Ambassador David M. Satterfield, director general of the Multinational Force and Observers based in Rome, talked about the importance of whole-of-government approaches to combating terrorism on the first day of... More
The George C. Marshall Center for Security Studies
The George C. Marshall Center for Security Studies hosted military leaders and senior enlisted personnel from U.S. and NATO partner nations at U.S. European Command's second European Security Seminar (ESS), Jul... More
U.S. Army Europe Commanding General Lt. Gen. Ben Hodges
U.S. Army Europe Commanding General Lt. Gen. Ben Hodges emphasizes the importance of networking and winning the fight against terrorists to 75 participants from 51 countries graduating from the George C. Marsha... More
Parliamentarians from Bosnia and Herzegovina met at
Parliamentarians from Bosnia and Herzegovina met at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies for a two-day tailored seminar on the parliament’s role in the management and oversight of the sec... More
U.S. Army Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Keith W. Dayton, the Marshall
U.S. Army Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Keith W. Dayton, the Marshall Center director and who was a Foreign Area Officer, welcomes 26 U.S. Army FAOs throughout Eurasia Sept. 6, 2015, at the Eurasian Security Studies Seminar ... More
Cayman Islands’ Police Commissioner David Baines asks
Cayman Islands’ Police Commissioner David Baines asks U.S. Air Force Gen. Philip Breedlove, the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe and Commander of U.S. European Command, about NATO’s concern about Russia's act... More
Charles Kosak, deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
Charles Kosak, deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Defense Continuity and Mission Assurance in Washington, D.C., states that today’s cyber threats are so complicated 81 cyber-security professionals from 2... More
Bavarian Minister of State Dr. Beate Merk, Bavarian
Bavarian Minister of State Dr. Beate Merk, Bavarian minister of European Matters and Regional Relations, is the keynote speaker at the German Unification Day Celebration held Oct. 2 here at the George C. Marsha... More
U.S. Army Lt. Gen. (retired) Keith Dayton, director
U.S. Army Lt. Gen. (retired) Keith Dayton, director of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, welcomes 76 counterterrorism alumni from 44 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East and... More
Members of the Ukraine Rada and senior leaders from
Members of the Ukraine Rada and senior leaders from Ukraine, U.S. and Germany pose for a group picture, Nov. 17. The parliamentarians were a part of a select group of reformers invited to the George C. Marshall... More
The George C. Marshall European Center for Security
The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies held a Tailored Seminar for Members of Parliament from Bulgaria: “Role of Parliament in Security Sector Governance and Oversight” held here Nov. 30 to... More
Program for Cyber Security Studies director Professor
Program for Cyber Security Studies director Professor Phil Lark gives an overview of cyber security terms and definitions during the first day of class. PCSS is a unique, two-week program on cyber security stud... More
Temple Law School Professor Duncan gives an overview
Temple Law School Professor Duncan gives an overview legal parameters when dealing with cyber issues during the second day of class. PCSS is a unique, two-week program on cyber security studies offered once a ... More
Program for Cyber Security Studies director Professor
Program for Cyber Security Studies director Professor Phil Lark gives participants an overview of how terrorist groups use the internet for various operations from financing to recruiting. PCSS is a unique, two... More
U.S. Department of Homeland Security Deputy Assistant
U.S. Department of Homeland Security Deputy Assistant Secretary for Cybersecurity and Communications Gregory Touhill spoke to an international group of cybersecurity experts attending the Program for Cyber Secu... More
Dr. Ralf Roloff, senior German professor at the Marshall
Dr. Ralf Roloff, senior German professor at the Marshall Center’s College of International and Security Studies, welcomes 58 participants from 28 countries to the new European Security Seminar-East Jan. 11 at t... More
German Luftwaffe (Air Force) Col. Jörg Kunze, executive
German Luftwaffe (Air Force) Col. Jörg Kunze, executive director for the seminar on regional security studies welcomes 42 participants from 26 nations during the first day of class, Jan. 21. The three-week Semi... More
MehmedinTahirovic who is the head of public relations
MehmedinTahirovic who is the head of public relations and protocol for Montenegro’s ministry of defense, shares his opinion on what the next steps his nation should take to join the NATO alliance. Tahirovic, a... More
Vice Speaker Ukraine Parliament Oksana Syroyid shares
Vice Speaker Ukraine Parliament Oksana Syroyid shares her nation's perspective on the Russian invasion of her country and the current situation to participants at the George C. Marshall European Center's Semina... More
Military working dog security sweep at George C. Marshall Center, Germ...
U.S. Army Pfc. Casey Bowolick, 25, from Seymour, Conn., conducts a security sweep at the George C. Marshall European Center in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, before the arrival of U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine G... More
A student seminar session examines the Ukraine conflict
A student seminar session examines the Ukraine conflict from the point of view of the Russian Federation during the final exercise in the three-week Seminar on Regional Security Studies at the George C. Marshal... More
Dr. Robert Brannon, dean of the College of International
Dr. Robert Brannon, dean of the College of International Security Studies, and Marcia Hampton, library director of the Marshall Center’s Research Library, were awarded the 40-year Civilian Length Service Award.... More
Marshall Center director inspires military families to read
George C. Marshall European Center director Army Lt. Gen. (retired) Keith Dayton reads the Dr. Seuss' book "Oh, The Places You Will Go!" to a group of military family members at the Army Library Europe in Garm... More
Participants from the Program on Terrorism and Security
Participants from the Program on Terrorism and Security Studies 16 -06 visit the 1972 Olympic village, the site of where 11 Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage, as part of a field study trip to Muni... More
The alumni adjunct professors are (from left): Uganda
The alumni adjunct professors are (from left): Uganda People’s Defense Forces Col. Tingira Omero Irumba; Dina Al Raffie, research fellow with the George Washington Center for Homeland and Cyber Security’s Progr... More
Marshall Center Professors Join Forces for new Counterterrorism Book, ...
Professors James Wither (left) and Dr. Sam Mullins, both professors at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, present the Marshall Center’s Director U.S. Army Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Keith Dayton ... More
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Counternarcotics
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Counternarcotics and Global Threats Caryn C. Hollis is introduced as the graduation speaker during the last day of Program on Countering Transnational Organized Crime. ... More
Fifty-nine cyber and counterterrorism professionals
Fifty-nine cyber and counterterrorism professionals working in government and civilian agencies from 39 countries attended the Global Security Alumni Community of Interest Workshop, which explored the topic of ... More
Diplomats from the Republic of Kosovo’s Ministry of
Diplomats from the Republic of Kosovo’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs attended a Language for Diplomacy Workshop, April 18 to May 6 at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies. The course was ... More
Ambassadors from the United States and Germany and
Ambassadors from the United States and Germany and key Central Asia policymakers, military, diplomats and academic leaders attend the Central Asian Parliamentarian Symposium May 17 to 20 at the George C. Marsha... More
Seventy-three counterterrorism alumni from 41 countries
Seventy-three counterterrorism alumni from 41 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East and North America attended the Global Counterterrorism Alumni Community of Interest Workshop: Countering Terrorist Na... More
Veterans and spouses from the Army Russian Institute
Veterans and spouses from the Army Russian Institute graduating class of 1976 visited the Marshall Center, June 9. The Marshall Center was established in the former Army Russian Institute after it was closed f... More
Soldiers and veterans of Army Garrison Bavaria-Garmisch
Soldiers and veterans of Army Garrison Bavaria-Garmisch Community gathered at the George C. Marshall European Center to celebrate the Army's 241st Birthday. Soldiers and veterans posed for a group photo follow... More
General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police Marius
General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police Marius Ivanovici shares his personal experiences and lessons learned from Operation Mersoy during a Global Countering Transnational Organized Crime Alumni Community o... More
Lt. Cmdr. Fredrick Brown (center), commanding officer
Lt. Cmdr. Fredrick Brown (center), commanding officer of the Military Police and Force Protection Unit of the Royal Bahamas Defense Force, and a Marshall Center alumnus, listens to lessons learned in Europe Jun... More
Davor Stier, member of the European Parliament from
Davor Stier, member of the European Parliament from Croatia, shares his perspectives on the role parliamentarians have in addressing their nation’s security challenges. Stier was a guest speaker at a two-day, ... More
Lebanese army Maj. Rabih Fakih, vice head of the National
Lebanese army Maj. Rabih Fakih, vice head of the National Security Branch in Lebanon, “Syrian Refugees: Humanitarian vs. Security Perspectives” July 19 in the Program on Terrorism and Security Studies at the Ge... More
Fourteen participants from 13 countries graduated Aug.
Fourteen participants from 13 countries graduated Aug. 9 from the Partner Language Training Center Europe’s (PLTCE) English Language Enhancement Course (ELEC) during a ceremony at the George C. Marshall Europea... More
George C. Marshall European Center Director Lt. Gen.
George C. Marshall European Center Director Lt. Gen. (ret.) Keith Dayton (left) presents Bob Brannon the Defense Security Cooperation Agency Exceptional Service Award during a retirement and awards ceremony on ... More
Representing more than 50 countries, 106 security
Representing more than 50 countries, 106 security professionals working in their nation’s ministries of foreign affairs, defense, intelligence and internal affairs, and space agency graduated from the George C.... More
U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Work and German
U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Work and German Parliamentary Secretary to the Federal Minister of Defense Ralf Brauksiepe sign a memorandum of agreement increasing Germany’s role at the George C. Marsh... More
Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy Kyiv George
Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy Kyiv George Kent spoke to the Ukrainian leaders about the urgency of defense and security reforms at a two-day Ukraine Senior Leader Seminar held at the George C. Mar... More
Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie Capt. Youssef Belfekir (right),
Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie Capt. Youssef Belfekir (right), shows his enthusiasm Nov. 18 during “Marshall Center Minute” as part of the English Language Enhancement Course at the George C. Marshall European Cent... More
Lt. Col. Sameer Marouf Masri, director of the Counter
Lt. Col. Sameer Marouf Masri, director of the Counter Cyber Terror Department of the Palestinian Authority, presents “How Women Prevent Terrorism and Violent Extremism” during the Global Counterterrorism Alumni... More
Gheorghe Balan, deputy prime minister for reintegration
Gheorghe Balan, deputy prime minister for reintegration in the Republic of Moldova, who is currently responsible for the Transnistria settlement, presents the Moldovan perspective for the “Normalization of Rela... More