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The Visitation, Peter Paul Rubens, Peter Paul Rubens
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Pieter de Jode II (Flemish, 1606–ca. 1674)
Public domain photograph of 17th century Dutch drawing, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
The Visitation is a scene in the New Testament that depicts the meeting between Mary, the mother of Jesus, and her cousin Elizabeth, who was pregnant with John the Baptist. According to the Gospel of Luke, Mary visited Elizabeth after the angel Gabriel had informed her that she was to become the mother of Jesus. When Mary arrived, Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit, and she declared that Mary was blessed among women and that the child within her was the son of God.
The Visitation is often depicted in Christian art, particularly in paintings and sculptures, as a tender and intimate moment between two expectant mothers. Mary is typically shown with a child-like expression of joy and wonder, while Elizabeth is often depicted as being filled with the Holy Spirit, with gestures or symbols that reflect her state of grace.
The Visitation is significant for several reasons. It highlights the close relationship between Mary and Elizabeth, and their shared experience as mothers-to-be. It also emphasizes the divine nature of the child within Mary, and the role that John the Baptist would play in preparing the way for Jesus' ministry. The scene is often interpreted as a symbol of the coming together of the old and new covenants, as Elizabeth, who was a descendent of Aaron, represents the old covenant, while Mary, who is carrying the son of God, represents the new covenant.
The Dutch Golden Age was a period from 1581 to 1672, when the Netherlands experienced the "Dutch Miracle", transcended to the foremost maritime and economic power. In 1568, the Seven Provinces started a rebellion against Philip II of Spain, leading to the Eighty Years' War with Spain and the Thirty Years' War between other European superpowers. Protestants moved from the southern to the northern Netherlands, many settled in Amsterdam, transforming a port town into one of the most important commercial centers in the world by 1630. In addition to the migration of Protestants, there were also influxes of refugees who had previously fled from religious persecution, particularly Sephardi Jews from Portugal and Spain, and Protestants from France. Catholics moved in the other direction - to the southern provinces, modern Belgium. North quickly gained the highest literacy rates in Europe, an abundance of capital, the largest merchant fleet in Europe. The Dutch dominated trade in the Baltic Sea, between China and Japan, and with the English colonies in North America. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was the first multinational corporation, financed by shares that established the first modern stock exchange. The Bank of Amsterdam, the first central bank, was established in 1609. The Dutch Golden Age is the art period dominanted by Rembrandt, Vermeer, Jacob van Ruisdael, and Frans Hals. Some notable artistic styles and trends include Haarlem Mannerism, Utrecht Caravaggism, the School of Delft, the Leiden fijnschilders, and Dutch classicism. 1672 is called a disaster year" when the Dutch Republic was attacked by England, France, Münster, and Bavaria. The invading armies quickly defeated most of the Dutch States Army and conquered part of the Republic.
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