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Cosmographia., 15th century
Summary
Incunabula are books printed in the earliest years of the printing press, from the mid-15th century to the early 16th century. The term "incunabulum" is Latin for "cradle" and refers to the fact that these works were printed during the infancy of the printing industry. Incunabula are considered to be rare and valuable due to their historical significance and the fact that they were produced in relatively small numbers.
During the Medieval period, European maps were dominated by religious views. All maps were, of course, drawn and illuminated by hand, which made the distribution of maps extremely limited. Medieval geography divided the world into three schematic parts: Asia, Europe, and Africa. Asia was depicted on top as the birthplace of Christ and the original site of the Garden of Eden. A T-O map (orbis terrarum, orb or circle of the lands; with the letter T inside an O), also known as an Isidoran map, is a type of early world map that represents the physical world as first described by the 7th-century scholar Isidore of Seville in his De Natura Rerum and later his Etymologiae. In this map format, Jerusalem was depicted at the center and east was oriented toward the map top. The design had great religious significance, with the “T” representing the central Christian symbol of the cross and placing Jerusalem at the center of the world. The “T” also separated the continents of the known world—Asia, Europe, and Africa—and the “O” that enclosed the entire image, represented the medieval idea of the world surrounded by water.
Incunabula block books are a type of early printed book that was produced using a technique called block printing, in Europe before the year 1501, before the period of time when movable type printing was first developed. Unlike movable type printing, block printing involves carving an entire page of text or images onto a wooden block, which is then inked and pressed onto paper to create a printed copy. Block printing was used to produce a variety of printed materials in the early days of printing, including playing cards, religious texts, and illustrated books. The most common use was for producing small, cheap books known as block books. Block books were typically printed on only one side of the page, with the text and images carved into the same block. Because the blocks were made of wood, they were not as durable as metal type and could only produce a limited number of impressions before they began to wear out. As a result, block books were often produced in small print runs and were not widely distributed.
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