Cambridge Natural History Mammalia

Fig. 1A, Section of human skin. Co, Dermis; D, sebaceous glands; F, fat in dermis; G, vessels in dermis; GP, vascular papillae; H, hair; N, nerves in dermis; NP, nervous papillae; Sc, horny layer of epidermis; More

Fig. 1B, Longitudinal section through a hair (diagrammatic). Ap, Band of muscular fibres inserted into the hair-follicle; Co, corium (dermis); F, external longitudinal; F1, internal circular, fibrous layer of f More

Fig. 7.—Human atlas (young), showing development. × ¾. as, Articular surface for occiput; g, groove for first spinal nerve and vertebral artery; i a, inferior arch; t, transverse process. (From Flower's Osteology.)

Fig. 10.—Side view of axis of Dog. × ⅔. o, Odontoid process; pz, posterior zygapophysis; s, spinous process; t, transverse process; v, vertebrarterial canal. (From Flower's Osteology.)

Fig. 11.—Anterior surface of axis of Red Deer. × ⅔. o, Odontoid process; pz, posterior zygapophysis; sn, foramen for second spinal nerve. (From Flower's Osteology.)

Fig. 13.—Anterior surface of fourth caudal vertebra of Porpoise (Phocoena communis), × ½. h, Chevron bone; m, metapophysis; s, spinous process; t, transverse process. (From Flower's Osteology.)

Fig. 14.—Lateral view of skull of a Dog. C.occ, Occipital condyle; F, frontal; F.inf, infra-orbital foramen; Jg, jugal; Jm, premaxilla; L, lachrymal; M, maxilla; Maud, external auditory meatus; Md, mandible; N, More

Fig. 19.—Sternum of the Pig (Sus scrofa). × ¼. ms, Mesosternum; ps, presternum; xs, xiphisternum. (From Flower's Osteology.)

Fig. 22.—Shoulder girdle of Ornithorhynchus. c1, c2, c3, First, second, third ribs; cl, clavicle; e.c, epicoracoid; es′ and es″, interclavicle (episternum); m.c, metacoracoid; m.s, manubrium sterni; sc, scapula More

Fig. 26.—Right scapula of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). × ¼. a, Acromion; af, anterior or prescapular fossa; c, coracoid; gc, glenoid cavity; pf, postscapular fossa; ss, partially ossified suprascapular border. (F More

Fig. 28.—Side view of right half of shoulder girdle of a young Echidna (Echidna hystrix). × ⅔. a, Acromion; c, coracoid; cb, coracoid border; cl, clavicle; css, coraco-scapular suture; ec, epicoracoid; gb, glen More

Fig. 29.—Shoulder girdle, with upper end of sternum (inner surface) of Shrew (Sorex), after Parker, × 7. a, Acromion; c, coracoid; cl, clavicle; ec, partially ossified "epicoracoid" of Parker, or rudiment of th More

Fig. 34.—Skull of Dasyurus (lateral view). al.sph, Alisphenoid; ang, angular process of mandible; fr, frontal; ju, jugal; lcr, lachrymal; max, maxilla; nas, nasal; oc.cond, occipital condyle; par, parietal; par More

Fig. 35.—Upper and lower teeth of one side of the mouth of a Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus), illustrating the homodont type of dentition in a mammal. (After Flower and Lydekker.)

Fig. 37.—Two stages in the development of the teeth of a Mammal (diagrammatic sections). alv, Bone of alveolus; dent, dentine; dent.s, dental sac; en, enamel; en.m, enamel membrane; en.m2, enamel membrane of pe More

Fig. 42.—Diagrammatic plan of the liver of a Mammal (posterior surface). c, Caudate lobe; cf, cystic fissure; dv, ductus venosus; g, gall-bladder; lc, left central lobe; ll, left lateral lobe; llf, left lateral More

Fig. 46.—Ovarian egg of Echidna. b, Basilar membrane; fe, follicular epithelium; o, oil globules; vm, vitelline membrane; y1, y2, yolk. (Partly after Caldwell.)

Fig. 47.—Lepus cuniculus. The anterior end of the vagina, with the right uterus, Fallopian tube, and ovary. (Nat. size.) Part of the ventral wall of the vagina is removed, and the proximal end of the left uteru More

Fig. 48.—Female urino-genital apparatus of various Marsupials. A, Didelphys dorsigera (young); B, Trichosurus; C, Phascolomys wombat. B, Urinary bladder; Cl, "cloaca"; Fim, fimbriae; g, clitoris; N, kidney; Od, More

Fig. 49.—Brain of Dog. A, ventral; B, dorsal; C, lateral aspect. B.ol, Olfactory lobe; Cr.ce, crura cerebri; Fi.p, great longitudinal fissure; HH, HH1, lateral lobes of cerebellum; Hyp, hypophysis; Med, spinal More

Fig. 53.—Brain of Echidna aculeata, dorsal view. (Nat. size.) (From Parker and Haswell's Zoology.)

Fig. 60.—Ventral surface of innominate bone of Kangaroo (Macropus major). × ⅓. a, Acetabulum; ab, acetabular border of ilium; is, iliac surface; m, "marsupial" bone; pb, pubic border; pt, pectineal tubercle; s, More

Fig. 62.—Skull of Rock Wallaby (Petrogale penicillata). (Ventral view.) ali, Alisphenoid; bas.oc, basi-occipital; bas.sph, basi-sphenoid; ex.oc, ex-occipital; ju, jugal; max, maxilla; pal, palatine; par.oc, par More

Fig. 63.—Skull of Wombat (Phascolomys wombat). (Lateral view.) ang, Angular process; cond, condyle of mandible; ext.aud, opening of bony auditory meatus; ex.oc, exoccipital; ju, jugal; lcr, lachrymal; max, maxi More

Fig. 64.—Bones of right foot of Kangaroo (Macropus bennetti). a, Astragalus; c, calcaneum; cb, cuboid; e3, ento-cuneiform; n, navicular; II-V, second to fifth toes. (From Flower's Osteology.) Modern accepted More

Fig. 66.—Red Kangaroo. Macropus rufus. × 1⁄18. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 67.—Tree-Kangaroo. Dendrolagus bennetti. × 1⁄12. The modern form of the name appears to be Dendrolagus bennettianus, the original form being perhaps thought to be liable to confusion with Macropus bennet More

Fig. 76.—Front view of the skull of Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus ursinus), showing Polyprotodont and carnivorous dentition. (After Flower.) The modern accepted name is Sarcophilus harrisii.

Fig. 78.—Longitudinal section of the skull of the Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus). × ½. a, Angular process of mandible; AS, alisphenoid; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cd, condyle of mandible; ET, eth More

Fig. 79.—Tasmanian Devil. Sarcophilus ursinus. × 1⁄10. The modern accepted name is Sarcophilus harrisii.

Fig. 82.—Banded Australian Anteater. Myrmecobius fasciatus. × 1⁄5. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 84.—Thick tailed Opossum. Didelphys crassicaudata. × 1⁄5. Nowadays this speices is referred to genus Lutreolina.

Fig. 86.—Rabbit Bandicoot. Peragale lagotis. × 1⁄5. Nowadays referred to genus Macrotis.

Fig. 89.—Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). A, Side view of twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae. B, Posterior surface of second lumbar vertebra. C, Anterior surface of third lumbar vertebra, × ⅔. az, A More

Fig. 91.—Great Anteater. Myrmecophaga jubata. × 1⁄10. Myrmecophaga jubata is a synonym of M. tridactyla.

Fig. 92.—Skull of Anteater (Myrmecophaga). Lateral view, al.sph, Alisphenoid; cond, condyle of mandible; cor, coronoid process of mandible; ex.oc, exoccipital; ext.aud, external auditory meatus; fr, frontal; ju More

Fig. 93.—Skull of Anteater (Myrmecophaga). Ventral view. Letters as in Fig. 92. In addition, b.oc, basioccipital; glen, glenoid surface for mandible; pter, pterygoid. (From Parker and Haswell's Zoology.)

Fig. 94.—Side view of three mesosternal segments of a young Anteater (Tamandua), showing the mode of articulation of the sternal rib (sr). mst, The upper or inner surface of the mesosternal segment; sy, the syn More

Fig. 98.—Skeleton of Three-toed Sloth. Bradypus tridactylus. (After de Blainville.)

Fig. 99.—Skull of Armadillo. Dasypus sexcinctus. × ⅔. ex.oc, Exoccipital; fr, frontal; max, maxilla; nas, nasal; par, parietal; peri, periotic; p.max, premaxilla; s.oc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; ty, tympan More

Fig. 100.—Bones of the right manus of the Hairy Armadillo. Dasypus villosus. × ⅔. c, Cuneiform; l, lunar; m, magnum; p, pisiform; R, radius; s, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium; u, unciform; U, ulna; I-V, More

Fig. 102.—Pelvis and sacrum of Armadillo. Dasypus sexcinctus. ac, Acetabulum; il, ilium; isch, ischium; obt.for, obturator-foramen; pect.tub, pectineal tubercle; pub, pubis. (From Parker and Haswell's Zoology.) More

Fig. 108.—Section of lower jaw with the teeth of Orycteropus. × 2. (After Owen.)

Fig. 114.—Skull of Protolambda bathmodon. × ¾. e.a.m, External auditory meatus; m, mastoid; m.f, mastoid foramen. (After Osborn.) Regarded as synonym of Pediomys elegans.

Fig. 115.—Skeleton of Coryphodon radians. × 1⁄10. (After Osborn.) Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 120.—Cape Hyrax. Hyrax capensis. × ⅛. Now referred to genus Procavia.

Fig. 122.—Bones of the manus of Camel (Camelus bactrianus). × ⅛. c, Cuneiform; l, lunar; m, magnum; R, radius; s, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; u, unciform. (From Flower's Osteology.)

Fig. 126.—Nubian Wild Ass. Equus africanus. × 1⁄20. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 127.—Burchell's Zebra. Equus burchelli. × 1⁄20. Now regarded as the same species as E. quagga, which name takes priority despite the extinction of its nominal subspecies.

Fig. 129.—Malayan Tapir. Tapirus indicus, young. × 1⁄10. (From Nature.) Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 130.—Indian Rhinoceros. Rhinoceros indicus. × 1⁄40. Synonym of Rh. unicornis.

Fig. 133.—Head of Rhinoceros bicornis. Now placed in separate genus Diceros.

Fig. 135.—Skeleton of Teleoceras fossiger. × 1⁄15. (After Osborn.) Public domain photograph of animal skeleton, zoology, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 139.—Dorsal surface of right tarsus of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). × ⅓. a, Astragalus; c, calcaneum; c3, cuneiform; cb, cuboid; mIII, mIV, metatarsals; n, navicular. (From Flower's Osteology.)

Fig. 142.—Pygmy Hog (from Nature). Sus salvania. × 1⁄6. Modern gender agreement is 'Sus salvanius, although Funk et al (2007) arguefor the restoration of its separate generic status as Porcula salvania.

Fig. 143.—Wart Hog. Phacochoerus aethiopicus. × 1⁄6. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 144.—Head of Wart Hog.

Fig. 145.—Peccary. Dicotyles tajaçu. × 1⁄6. Now referred to genus Pecari.

Fig. 146.—Stomach of Ruminant opened to show the internal structure. a, Oesophagus; b, rumen; c, reticulum; d, psalterium; e, abomasum; f, duodenum. (After Flower and Lydekker.)

Fig. 149.—Lama. Lama huanacos. × 1⁄12. Correct spelling is L. guanicoe. (MSW3 treats as subspecies of L. glama.)

Fig. 150.—Skull of Poebrotherium wilsoni. i1, i2, i3, Incisors 1-3. × ½. (After Wortman.)

Fig. 152.—Lühdorff's Deer. Cervus luehdorffi. × 1⁄15. (From Nature.) According to MSW3 this is one of a vast number of synonyms for C. elaphus (and should be spelt luehdorfi anyway).

Fig. 154.—Chilian Deer. Cariacus chilensis. × 1⁄12. (From Nature.) Synonym of Hippocamelus bisulcus.[1]

Fig. 159.—Giraffe. Giraffa camelopardalis. × 1⁄40. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 161.—Loder's Gazelle. Gazella loderi. × 1⁄10. Now regarded as a subspecies of G. leptoceros.

Fig. 168.—Yak. Bos grunniens. × 1⁄15. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 169.—British Wild Ox. Bos taurus. From Vaynol Park, Bangor. × 1⁄20.

Fig. 170.—Punjab Wild Sheep. Ovis vignei. × 1⁄10. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 175.—Sinaitic Ibex. Capra sinaitica. × 1⁄10. According to different sources this is either a subspecies of C. nubiana or a synonym of C. ibex nubiana (itself a subspecies).

Fig. 176.—Japanese Goat Antelope. Nemorrhaedus crispus. × 1⁄12. (From Nature.) Now referred to genus Capricornis.

Fig. 177.—Goral. Nemorrhaedus goral. × 1⁄12. (From Nature.) The genus name is correctly Naemorhedus Hamilton Smith, 1827.

Fig. 183.—Skeleton of Porpoise (Phocoena communis), acr, Acromion process of scapula; cerv, united cervical vertebrae; chev, chevron bones; cor, coracoid process; hu, humerus; hy, hyoid; jug, jugal; lumb.trans, More

Fig. 184.—Under surface of the cranium of a young Caa'ing Whale (Globicephalus melas). × 1⁄5. AS, Alisphenoid; BO, basioccipital; cf, condylar foramen; ExO, exoccipital; Fr, supra-orbital process of frontal; gf More

Fig. 189.—Section of upper jaw, with baleen plates, of Balaenoptera. a, Bone of jaw; b, gum; c, straight edge of baleen plate; d, e, frayed out surface of baleen plates. (After Owen.)

Fig. 190.—Under surface of the cranium of a Dog. × ½. apf, Anterior palatine foramen; AS, alisphenoid; as, posterior opening of alisphenoid canal; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cf, condylar foramen; eam, More

Fig. 191.—A, Atlas of Dog. Ventral view, × ½. B, Axis of Dog. Side view, × ⅔. o, Odontoid process; pz, posterior zygapophysis; s, spinous process; sn, foramen for first spinal nerve; t, transverse process; v, v More

Fig. 192.—Brain of Dog. A, Ventral; B, dorsal; C, lateral aspect. B.ol, Olfactory lobe; Cr.ce, crura cerebri; Fi.p, great longitudinal fissure; HH, HH1, lateral lobes of cerebellum; Hyp, hypophysis; Med, spinal More

Fig. 193.—Section of auditory bulla of Tiger. am, Auditory meatus; BO, basioccipital; e, Eustachian canal; ic, oc, two chambers of bulla divided by s, septum; *, their aperture of communication; Pt, periotic; S More

Fig. 196.—European Lynx. Felis lynx. × 1⁄12. Now referred for genus Lynx.

Fig. 202.—White-tailed Ichneumon. Herpestes albicauda. × 1⁄5. Now referred to a monotypic genus Ichneumia .

Fig. 204.—Spotted Hyaena. Crocuta maculata. × 1⁄12. According to MSW3 this is a synonym of C. crocuta.

Fig. 205.—Striped Hyaena. Hyaena striata. × 1⁄12. According to MSW3 this is a synonym of H. hyaena.

Fig. 206.—Raccoon-like Dog. Nyctereutes procyonides. × 1⁄6. Accepted spelling is N. procyonoides.

Fig. 207.—Fennec Fox. Canis zerda. × 1⁄5. Now referred to genus Vulpes.

Fig. 211.—Dingo. Canis dingo. × ⅛. In MSW3 the Dingo is treated as a subspecies of the wolf/domestic dog species C. lupus.

Fig. 215.—Cunning Bassarisc. Bassariscus astutus. × 1⁄5. (From Nature.) Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 218.—Badger. Meles taxus. × 1⁄6. Synonym of Meles meles. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 219.—Tayra. Galictis barbara. × 1⁄7. Now referred to monotypic genus Eira.

Fig. 220.—Grison. Grisonia vittata. × 1⁄7. Now referred to genus Galictis.

Fig. 221.—Polecat. Mustela putorius. × 1⁄6. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 225.—Malayan Bear. Ursus malayanus. × 1⁄12. Now referred to monotypic genus Helarctos.

Fig. 226.—Aeluropus melanoleucus. × 1⁄12. Accepted spelling is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl More

Fig. 229.—Cape Sea-Lion. Otaria pusilla. × 1⁄16. Now referred to genus Arctocephalus.

Fig. 231.—Side view of skull of Cape Jumping Hare (Pedetes caffer). × 3⁄5. AS, Alisphenoid; Ex.O, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; L, lachrymal; Ma, malar; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; OS, orbito-sphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pe More

Fig. 232.—Molar teeth of Rodents. A, of Capybara (Hydrochoerus); B, of Squirrel (Sciurus); C, of Ctenodactylus. (After Tullberg.)

Fig. 233.—Long-tailed Marmot. Arctomys caudatus. × 1⁄7. Now referred to genus Marmota.

Fig. 235.—Spiny Mouse. Acomys cahirinus. × ½.

Fig. 240.—Carpincho. Hydrochoerus capybara. × 1⁄12. In MSW3 a synonym of Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris (although it appears the genus name spelling Hydrochoerus should have priority).

Fig. 243.—Vizcacha. Lagostomus trichodactylus. × 1⁄10. Synonym of L. maximus. Public domain photograph of 20th-century zoological illustration, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Fig. 247.—Tillotherium fodiens. Left lateral view of skull. (From Flower, after Marsh.) According to Paleobiology Datebase, referred to genus Tillodon.